Practical C++ Programming. 2nd Edition

Spis treści ebooka

• Practical C++ Programming
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Preface
  • Scope of This Handbook
  • How This Book Is Organized
  • How to Read This Book If You Already Know C
  • Font Conventions
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments for the First Edition
  • Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
• I. The Basics
  • 1. What Is C++?
    • 1.1. A Brief History of C++
    • 1.2. C++ Organization
    • 1.3. How to Learn C++
  • 2. The Basics of Program Writing
    • 2.1. Programs from Conception to Execution
    • 2.2. Creating a Real Program
      • 2.2.1. Creating a Program Using a Command-Line Compiler
        • 2.2.1.1. Step 1: Create a place for your program
        • 2.2.1.2. Step 2: Create the program
        • 2.2.1.3. Step 3: Run the compiler
          • 2.2.1.3.1. Unix CC Compiler (Generic Unix)
          • 2.2.1.3.2. Free Software Foundations g++ Compiler
          • 2.2.1.3.3. Borlands Turbo C++
          • 2.2.1.3.4. Microsoft Visual C++ .NET
        • 2.2.1.4. Step 4: Execute the program
      • 2.2.2. Creating a Program Using an Integrated Development Environment
        • 2.2.2.1. Borland C++
        • 2.2.2.2. Microsoft Visual C++
    • 2.3. Getting Help in Unix
    • 2.4. Getting Help in an IDE
    • 2.5. Programming Exercises
  • 3. Style
    • 3.1. Comments
    • 3.2. C++ Code
    • 3.3. Naming Style
    • 3.4. Coding Religion
    • 3.5. Indentation and Code Format
    • 3.6. Clarity
    • 3.7. Simplicity
    • 3.8. Consistency and Organization
    • 3.9. Further Reading
    • 3.10. Summary
  • 4. Basic Declarations and Expressions
    • 4.1. Basic Program Structure
    • 4.2. Simple Expressions
    • 4.3. The std::cout Output Object
    • 4.4. Variables and Storage
    • 4.5. Variable Declarations
    • 4.6. Integers
    • 4.7. Assignment Statements
    • 4.8. Floating-Point Numbers
    • 4.9. Floating-Point Divide Versus Integer Divide
    • 4.10. Characters
    • 4.11. Wide Characters
    • 4.12. Boolean Type
    • 4.13. Programming Exercises
    • 4.14. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 5. Arrays, Qualifiers, and Reading Numbers
    • 5.1. Arrays
    • 5.2. Strings
      • 5.2.1. Wide Strings
    • 5.3. Reading Data
    • 5.4. Initializing Variables
      • 5.4.1. Bounds Errors
    • 5.5. Multidimensional Arrays
    • 5.6. C-Style Strings
      • 5.6.1. Safety and C Strings
      • 5.6.2. Reading C-Style Strings
      • 5.6.3. Converting Between C-Style and C++ Strings
      • 5.6.4. The Differences Between C++ and C-Style Strings
    • 5.7. Types of Integers
      • 5.7.1. Summary of Integer Types
    • 5.8. Types of Floats
    • 5.9. Constant and Reference Declarations
    • 5.10. Qualifiers
      • 5.10.1. Special
      • 5.10.2. Constant
      • 5.10.3. Storage Class
      • 5.10.4. Size
      • 5.10.5. Sign
      • 5.10.6. Type
    • 5.11. Hexadecimal and Octal Constants
    • 5.12. Operators for Performing Shortcuts
    • 5.13. Side Effects
    • 5.14. Programming Exercises
    • 5.15. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 6. Decision and Control Statements
    • 6.1. if Statement
    • 6.2. else Statement
    • 6.3. How Not to Use std::strcmp
    • 6.4. Looping Statements
    • 6.5. while Statement
    • 6.6. break Statement
    • 6.7. continue Statement
    • 6.8. The Assignment Anywhere Side Effect
    • 6.9. Programming Exercises
    • 6.10. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 7. The Programming Process
    • 7.1. Setting Up Your Work Area
    • 7.2. The Specification
    • 7.3. Code Design
    • 7.4. The Prototype
    • 7.5. The Makefile
    • 7.6. Testing
    • 7.7. Debugging
    • 7.8. Maintenance
    • 7.9. Revisions
    • 7.10. Electronic Archaeology
    • 7.11. Mark Up the Program
    • 7.12. Use the Debugger
    • 7.13. Use the Text Editor as a Browser
    • 7.14. Add Comments
    • 7.15. Programming Exercises
• II. Simple Programming
  • 8. More Control Statements
    • 8.1. for Statement
    • 8.2. switch Statement
    • 8.3. switch, break, and continue
    • 8.4. Programming Exercises
    • 8.5. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 9. Variable Scope and Functions
    • 9.1. Scope and Storage Class
      • 9.1.1. The for Scope
    • 9.2. Namespaces
      • 9.2.1. Namespace std
      • 9.2.2. Global Namespace
      • 9.2.3. File-Specific Namespace
      • 9.2.4. Nested Namespaces
      • 9.2.5. The using Statement
        • 9.2.5.1. The problem with the using statement
    • 9.3. Functions
      • 9.3.1. Returning void
      • 9.3.2. Namespaces and Functions
      • 9.3.3. const Parameters and Return Values
      • 9.3.4. Reference Parameters and Return Values
      • 9.3.5. Dangling References
      • 9.3.6. Array Parameters
      • 9.3.7. Function Overloading
      • 9.3.8. Default Arguments
      • 9.3.9. Unused Parameters
      • 9.3.10. Inline Functions
    • 9.4. Summary of Parameter Types
    • 9.5. Recursion
    • 9.6. Structured Programming Basics
    • 9.7. Real-World Programming
    • 9.8. Programming Exercises
    • 9.9. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 10. The C++ Preprocessor
    • 10.1. #define Statement
      • 10.1.1. #define Versus const
    • 10.2. Conditional Compilation
    • 10.3. #include Files
    • 10.4. Parameterized Macros
      • 10.4.1. The # Operator
      • 10.4.2. Parameterized Macros Versus Inline Functions
    • 10.5. Advanced Features
    • 10.6. Summary
    • 10.7. Programming Exercises
    • 10.8. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 11. Bit Operations
    • 11.1. Bit Operators
    • 11.2. The AND Operator (&)
    • 11.3. Bitwise OR (|)
    • 11.4. The Bitwise Exclusive OR (^)
    • 11.5. The Ones Complement Operator (NOT) (~)
    • 11.6. The Left and Right Shift Operators (<<, >>)
      • 11.6.1. Right Shift Details
    • 11.7. Setting, Clearing, and Testing Bits
    • 11.8. Bitmapped Graphics
    • 11.9. Programming Exercises
    • 11.10. Answers to Chapter Questions
• III. Advanced Types and Classes
  • 12. Advanced Types
    • 12.1. Structures
    • 12.2. Unions
    • 12.3. typedef
    • 12.4. enum Type
    • 12.5. Bit Members or Packed Structures
    • 12.6. Arrays of Structures
    • 12.7. Programming Exercises
    • 12.8. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 13. Simple Classes
    • 13.1. Stacks
      • 13.1.1. Designing a Stack
    • 13.2. Improved Stack
    • 13.3. Using a Class
    • 13.4. Introduction to Constructors and Destructors
      • 13.4.1. Destructors
      • 13.4.2. Parameterized Constructors
      • 13.4.3. Parameterized Destructors
      • 13.4.4. Copy Constructor
    • 13.5. Automatically Generated Member Functions
      • 13.5.1. Automatically Generated and Used Functions
      • 13.5.2. Explicit Constructors
    • 13.6. Shortcuts
    • 13.7. Style
    • 13.8. Structures Versus Classes
    • 13.9. Programming Exercises
  • 14. More on Classes
    • 14.1. Friends
      • 14.1.1. Friend Functions
      • 14.1.2. Friend Classes
    • 14.2. Constant Functions
    • 14.3. Constant Members
    • 14.4. Static Member Variables
    • 14.5. Static Member Functions
    • 14.6. The Meaning of static
    • 14.7. Programming Exercises
  • 15. Simple Pointers
    • 15.1. const Pointers
    • 15.2. Pointers and Printing
    • 15.3. Pointers and Arrays
      • 15.3.1. Splitting a C-Style String
    • 15.4. The reinterpret_cast
    • 15.5. Pointers and Structures
    • 15.6. Command-Line Arguments
    • 15.7. Programming Exercises
    • 15.8. Answers to Chapter Questions
• IV. Advanced Programming Concepts
  • 16. File Input/Output
    • 16.1. C++ File I/O
      • 16.1.1. Reading C-Style Strings
      • 16.1.2. Output Files
    • 16.2. Conversion Routines
    • 16.3. Binary and ASCII Files
    • 16.4. The End-of-Line Puzzle
    • 16.5. Binary I/O
    • 16.6. Buffering Problems
    • 16.7. Unbuffered I/O
    • 16.8. Designing File Formats
    • 16.9. C-Style I/O Routines
    • 16.10. C-Style Conversion Routines
      • 16.10.1. The std::printf Family of Output Functions
      • 16.10.2. The std::scanf Family of Input Functions
    • 16.11. C-Style Binary I/O
    • 16.12. C- Versus C++- Style I/O
      • 16.12.1. Simplicity
      • 16.12.2. Reliability
      • 16.12.3. Speed
      • 16.12.4. Which Should You Use?
    • 16.13. Programming Exercises
    • 16.14. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 17. Debugging and Optimization
    • 17.1. Code Reviews
      • 17.1.1. Planning the Review
      • 17.1.2. The Review Meeting
      • 17.1.3. Why People Dont Do Code Reviews
      • 17.1.4. Metrics
    • 17.2. Serial Debugging
      • 17.2.1. Divide and Conquer
      • 17.2.2. The Confessional Method of Debugging
      • 17.2.3. Debug-Only Code
      • 17.2.4. Debug Command-Line Switch
    • 17.3. Going Through the Output
    • 17.4. Interactive Debuggers
      • 17.4.1. Basic Debugging Commands
      • 17.4.2. Debugging a Simple Program
    • 17.5. Debugging a Binary Search
      • 17.5.1. The First Bug, a Segmentation Fault
      • 17.5.2. The Unintended Infinite Loop
    • 17.6. Interactive Debugging Tips and Tricks
    • 17.7. Runtime Errors
    • 17.8. Optimization
      • 17.8.1. Profiling
      • 17.8.2. Analyzing and Optimizing code
      • 17.8.3. Register Declarations
        • 17.8.3.1. Loop ordering
        • 17.8.3.2. The power of powers of 2
        • 17.8.3.3. Making use of pointers
      • 17.8.4. Using the System Library
    • 17.9. How to Optimize
    • 17.10. Case Study: Inline Functions Versus Normal Functions
    • 17.11. Case Study: Optimizing a Color-Rendering Algorithm
    • 17.12. Programming Exercises
    • 17.13. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 18. Operator Overloading
    • 18.1. Creating a Simple Fixed-Point Class
      • 18.1.1. Fixed Point Basics
      • 18.1.2. Creating the fixed_pt Class
    • 18.2. Operator Functions
      • 18.2.1. Binary Arithmetic Operators
      • 18.2.2. Relational Operators
      • 18.2.3. Unary Operators
      • 18.2.4. Shortcut Operators
      • 18.2.5. Increment and Decrement Operators
      • 18.2.6. Logical Operators
      • 18.2.7. I/O Operators
      • 18.2.8. Index Operator [ ]
      • 18.2.9. new and delete
      • 18.2.10. Exotic Operators
    • 18.3. Operator Member Functions
      • 18.3.1. Casting
    • 18.4. Warts
    • 18.5. Full Definition of the Fixed-Point Class
    • 18.6. Programming Exercises
    • 18.7. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 19. Floating Point
    • 19.1. Floating-Point Format
    • 19.2. Floating Addition/Subtraction
    • 19.3. Multiplication and Division
    • 19.4. Overflow and Underflow
    • 19.5. Roundoff Error
    • 19.6. Accuracy
    • 19.7. Minimizing Roundoff Error
    • 19.8. Determining Accuracy
    • 19.9. Precision and Speed
    • 19.10. Power Series
    • 19.11. Programming Exercises
  • 20. Advanced Pointers
    • 20.1. Pointers, Structures, and Classes
    • 20.2. delete Operator
    • 20.3. Linked Lists
    • 20.4. Ordered Linked Lists
    • 20.5. Doubly Linked Lists
    • 20.6. Trees
    • 20.7. Printing a Tree
    • 20.8. The Rest of the Program
    • 20.9. Data Structures for a Chess Program
    • 20.10. Programming Exercises
    • 20.11. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 21. Advanced Classes
    • 21.1. Derived Classes
    • 21.2. Virtual Functions
    • 21.3. Virtual Classes
    • 21.4. Function Hiding in Derived Classes
    • 21.5. Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes
    • 21.6. The dynamic_cast Operator
    • 21.7. Summary
    • 21.8. Programming Exercises
    • 21.9. Answers to Chapter Questions
• V. Other Language Features
  • 22. Exceptions
    • 22.1. Adding Exceptions to the Stack Class
      • 22.1.1. Creating an Exception
      • 22.1.2. Using a Try Block for Normal Execution
      • 22.1.3. Throwing an Exception
      • 22.1.4. Exceptions and Destructors
    • 22.2. Exceptions Versus assert
    • 22.3. Programming Exercises
  • 23. Modular Programming
    • 23.1. Modules
    • 23.2. Public and Private
    • 23.3. The extern Storage Class
    • 23.4. Headers
    • 23.5. The Body of the Module
    • 23.6. A Program to Use Infinite Arrays
    • 23.7. The Makefile for Multiple Files
    • 23.8. Using the Infinite Array
    • 23.9. Dividing a Task into Modules
    • 23.10. Module Design Guidelines
    • 23.11. Programming Exercises
  • 24. Templates
    • 24.1. What Is a Template?
    • 24.2. Templates: The Hard Way
    • 24.3. Templates: The C++ Way
    • 24.4. Function Specialization
    • 24.5. Class Templates
    • 24.6. Class Specialization
    • 24.7. Implementation Details
      • 24.7.1. Real-World Templates
      • 24.7.2. When to Generate Code
      • 24.7.3. Writing Portable Templates
    • 24.8. Advanced Features
      • 24.8.1. Default Parameters
      • 24.8.2. Partial Specialization
    • 24.9. Summary
    • 24.10. Programming Exercises
  • 25. Standard Template Library
    • 25.1. STL Basics
      • 25.1.1. Containers
      • 25.1.2. Iterators
      • 25.1.3. Algorithms
    • 25.2. Class ListA Set of Students
      • 25.2.1. Iterating Through a Set
      • 25.2.2. Using std::foreach to Write Out the Set
      • 25.2.3. Multisets
    • 25.3. Creating a Waiting List with the STL List
    • 25.4. Storing Grades in a STL Map
    • 25.5. Putting It All Together
    • 25.6. Practical Considerations When Using the STL
      • 25.6.1. Getting the Types Right
      • 25.6.2. Error Messages
    • 25.7. Getting More Information
    • 25.8. Exercises
  • 26. Program Design
    • 26.1. Design Goals
    • 26.2. Design Factors
    • 26.3. Design Principles
    • 26.4. Coding
      • 26.4.1. Procedure Design
        • 26.4.1.1. Procedure interface
        • 26.4.1.2. Global variables
        • 26.4.1.3. Information hiding
        • 26.4.1.4. Coding details
      • 26.4.2. Modules and Structured Programming
        • 26.4.2.1. Interconnections
      • 26.4.3. Real-Life Module Organization
      • 26.4.4. Module Summary
    • 26.5. Objects
      • 26.5.1. Interfaces and C++ Classes
    • 26.6. Real-World Design Techniques
      • 26.6.1. The Linked List Problem
      • 26.6.2. Callbacks
      • 26.6.3. Decoupling the Interface and Implementation
    • 26.7. Conclusion
  • 27. Putting It All Together
    • 27.1. Requirements
    • 27.2. Code Design
      • 27.2.1. Token Module
      • 27.2.2. Character-Type Module
      • 27.2.3. Statistics Class
    • 27.3. Coding
    • 27.4. Functional Description
      • 27.4.1. char_type Class
      • 27.4.2. input_file Class
      • 27.4.3. token Class
      • 27.4.4. stat Class
      • 27.4.5. line_counter Class
      • 27.4.6. brace_counter Class
      • 27.4.7. paren_counter Class
      • 27.4.8. comment_counter Class
      • 27.4.9. do_file Procedure
    • 27.5. Testing
    • 27.6. Revisions
    • 27.7. A Final Warning
    • 27.8. Program Files
    • 27.9. Programming Exercises
  • 28. From C to C++
    • 28.1. K&R-Style Functions
      • 28.1.1. Prototypes
    • 28.2. struct
    • 28.3. malloc and free
      • 28.3.1. The C malloc function
      • 28.3.2. The C free function
    • 28.4. Turning Structures into Classes
    • 28.5. setjmp and longjmp
    • 28.6. Mixing C and C++ Code
    • 28.7. Summary
    • 28.8. Programming Exercise
  • 29. C++s Dustier Corners
    • 29.1. do/while
    • 29.2. goto
    • 29.3. The ?: Construct
    • 29.4. The Comma Operator
    • 29.5. Overloading the ( ) Operator
    • 29.6. Pointers to Members
    • 29.7. The asm Statement
    • 29.8. The mutable Qualifier
    • 29.9. Run Time Type Identification
    • 29.10. Trigraphs
    • 29.11. Answers to Chapter Questions
  • 30. Programming Adages
    • 30.1. General
    • 30.2. Design
    • 30.3. Declarations
    • 30.4. switch Statement
    • 30.5. Preprocessor
    • 30.6. Style
    • 30.7. Compiling
    • 30.8. The Ten Commandments for C++ Programmers
    • 30.9. Final Note
    • 30.10. Answers to Chapter Questions
• VI. Appendixes
  • A. ASCII Table
  • B. Ranges
  • C. Operator Precedence Rules
    • C.1. Standard Rules
    • C.2. Practical Subset of the Operator Precedence Rules
  • D. Computing Sine Using a Power Series
  • E. Resources
    • E.1. Compilers
    • E.2. Standard Template Library
    • E.3. Standards
    • E.4. Programming Tools
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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