West African languages Nina Pawlak, Izabela Will

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• West African languages. Linguistic theory and communication. Edited by Nina Pawlak; Izabela Will
  • Contents
    • General abbreviations and symbols
      • Standard glossing labels
    • Nina Pawlak, Izabela Will
      • Introduction
        • 1. West Africa as an area of linguistic diversity and unification processes
        • 2. The structure of the volume
        • 3. Empirical approaches in the context of West African linguistics
        • References
• Part I. West Africa as a linguistic area
  • Gian Claudio Batic
    • Measuring phonological complexity in West African languages
      • Abstract
        • 1. Complexity: what is it?
        • 2. West Africa: a phonological zone and a testing ground
        • 3. Phonological features
        • 4. Measuring phonological complexity in a typological perspective
          • 4.1. Values: recoding
          • 4.2. Values: normalisation
        • 5. Index of phonological complexity
          • 5.1. Adjusting the index
          • 5.2. Representativeness
        • 6. Phonological complexity in West African languages: some observations
          • 6.1. The Complexity Equilibrium
          • 6.2. Compensation effect
          • 6.3. Availability of data
          • 6.4. West Africa as a phonological area
        • 7. Conclusions
        • References
          • Bibliography of data-related literature not present in the WALS
        • Appendix
    • Sergio Baldi, Rudolf Leger
      • Innovative features of nouns and pronouns in Chadic languages of the Nigerian Gongola-Benue basin
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Dichotomy in systemic relations within Chadic at the level of phonology, tonology and morphology
        • 3. The interrelationship between gender distinction and plural formation
        • 4. Expanding the pronominal systems
        • 5. Summary
        • Abbreviations
        • References
    • Bernard Caron
      • Methodological and technical challenges of a corpus-based study of Naija
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Naija and Nigerian Pidgin
        • 3. Objectives and hypotheses
        • 4. Methodology
          • 4.1. Sampling and data collection
          • 4.2. Annotation, querying and NLP tools
            • 4.2.1. Editing the data
            • 4.2.2. Prosodic analysis
            • 4.2.3. Morphosyntactic analysis
        • 5. Half-way assessment
          • 5.1. Planned results
          • 5.2. Corpus editing and annotation
          • 5.3. General problems faced by the project
            • 5.3.1. Sampling
            • 5.3.2. Transcription
            • 5.3.3. Morphosyntactic analysis
        • 5.4. Exploratory results of the corpus-based analysis
        • 6. Conclusion
        • Abbreviations
        • References
• Part II. Structural properties of languages and their theoretical frames
  • Valentin Vydrin
    • Clause chaining in Bambara
      • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Introductory information about Bambara
          • 2.1. Some generalities
          • 2.2. Infinitive
        • 3. Main characteristics of the Bambara clause chaining construction
        • 4. Tense/aspect and clause chaining
        • 5. Scope of operators for the clause chaining construction
          • 5.1. Illocutionary force: interrogation and imperative
          • 5.2. Scope of negation
          • 5.3. The problem of mono- and pluriclausality
        • 6. Same- and different-subjectness
        • 7. A diachronic interpretation
          • 7.1. Odjenne Dyula evidence
          • 7.2. A specialized consecutive marker diye in Sikasso Bambara
          • 7.3. Origin of ka
        • 8. Conclusions
        • Glosses
        • Abbreviations
        • Sources
        • References
    • Klaudia Dombrowsky-Hahn
      • Categorization of phasal polarity items in Bambara (Mande)
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Definition
        • 3. Notes on Bambara morphosyntax
        • 4. PhP-expressions in Bambara
          • 4.1. The inventory
          • 4.2. Criteria for the categorization of PhP items in earlier works
        • 5. A new approach to the categorization of Bambara PhP expressions
          • 5.1. Van Baars criteria for the distinction between particles and adverbs
          • 5.2. Reconsideration of PhP-items in Bambara using van Baars criteria
            • 5.2.1. kban already
            • 5.2.2. bán not yet
            • 5.2.3. kkr already
            • 5.2.4. fl not yet
            • 5.2.5. túguni still and no longer
            • 5.2.6. blen still and no longer
            • 5.2.7. háli b, hálisa
            • 5.2.8. kéln
        • 6. Summary: the assignment of PhP-items to word classes revisited
        • Abbreviations
        • References
    • Vadim Dyachkov
      • Ma-causatives in Tomo Kan Dogon: between causatives and passives
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Some features of the Tomo Kan morphology
        • 3. ma-causatives
        • 4. Passives
        • 5. Possible diachronic development
        • 6. Conclusion
        • Abbreviations
        • References
    • Aurore Montébran
      • Asymmetries in negation in the Atlantic languages: a preliminary comparison
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Constructional asymmetric negation in the Atlantic languages
          • 2.1. Some cases of TAM marking asymmetry
            • 2.1.1. TAM marker replacement
            • 2.1.2. Copula
            • 2.1.3. A marker not used in the positive is added in the negative sentences
            • 2.1.4 More complex TAM asymmetry
        • 2.2. Finiteness asymmetry
        • 1.3. Person marking asymmetry
        • 3. Paradigmatic asymmetry
        • 4. Other things may be salient under negation
        • 5. Conclusion
        • Abbreviations
        • Appendix. Languages sample
        • References
    • Philip J. Jaggar
      • Lets tidy up the grammar of Hausa and analyse after/behind in after class/after he arrives/hes behind etc. as prepositions
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Traditional classifications (English)
        • 3. The central properties of Hausa prepositions
        • 4. Recent descriptions in Hausa dictionaries, wordlists and grammars
        • 5. Prepositions, as heads of phrases, govern different types of dependents (not just NPs)
          • 5.1. Finite TAM clause = nominalized VP with same head preposition
          • 5.2. Functional analogy with transitive verbs
          • 5.3. Clausal complements = direct object NPs
          • 5.4. WANT verb complements and NPs with genitive prepositions
          • 5.5. Genitive prepositions can take zero complements (hes inside = prep. + )
        • 6. Summary: different prepositions take different complements
        • References
    • Dorothee Beermann, Lars Hellan
      • Enhancing grammar and valence resources for Akan and Ga
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Resources for Akan
        • 3. Resources for Ga
        • 4. Christaller about ba
        • 5. A comparative analysis of valence, constructions and situation types involving ba
          • 5.1. Ba in the Ga valence lexicon
          • 5.2. Ba in the Akan corpus
          • 5.3. Interviews
        • 6. Conclusions
        • References
          • Our resources are Open Access
          • Abbreviations and labels
          • Abbreviations used in glosses
          • POS labels
          • Situation labels used in (2)
        • Appendix 1. Distribution of verbs over valence frames in the Ga lexicon
        • Appendix 2. The most frequently used situation types in verb entry specifications in the Ga lexicon
        • Appendix 3. Non-inflected and inflected forms of Akan ba come as single verb, in a VV form, or in an SVC, based on specifications in the TypeCraft Akan annotated corpus
• Part III. Syntactic structures and conceptualization patterns
  • Lendzemo Constantine Yuka
    • On the shi- evaluative prefix in Lamnso
      • 1. Introduction
        • 2. The Lamnso Noun Class System
          • 2.1. Shi- as class 19 noun class marker
        • 3. Conceptual orientation
        • 4. Shi- as an evaluative prefix
          • 4.1. Shi- as a marker of diminutives
          • 4.2. Shi- and reduplication
        • 5. The pragmatics of shi- as anevaluative prefix
        • 6. Conclusion
        • References
    • Vanessa Chivir Adzer
      • Tiv compounds and compounding
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Tiv people and their language
          • 2.1. Aspects of Tiv grammar
            • 2.1.1. Tiv word structure
        • 3. Compounding as a universal phenomenon
          • 3.1. Typology of compounds
        • 4. The patterns of Tiv compounds
          • 4.1. Noun-Noun compounds
          • 4.2. Verbal compounds (Verb+Verbal base for Progressive)
          • 4.3. Verb Noun compounds
          • 4.4. Clausal compounds
        • 5. Tiv compound classification
          • 5.1. Morphological and tonal structure of compound
          • 5.2. Syntactic classification
            • 5.2.1. Endocentric compounds
            • 5.2.2. Exocentric compounds
          • 5.3. Semantic classification
            • 5.3.1. Semantic compounds
            • 5.3.2. Non-semantic compounds
        • 6. Findings and concluding remarks
        • References
    • Olga Frąckiewicz
      • Nigerian Pidgin English phraseology in the context of areal influences
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Syntactic categorisation of lexemes in NPE
        • 3. Structural patterns of idiomatic expressions
          • 3.1. Verbal compounds
          • 3.1. Nominal compounds
            • 3.1.1. Nominal compounds for marking gender identity
          • 3.2. Verb-noun combinations
          • 3.3. Adjective-noun lexical units
          • 3.4. Lexicalised sentences mirrored from substrate languages
        • 4. Parts of the body as a source domain of idiomatic expressions
          • 4.1. Expressions with bodi body
          • 4.2. Expressions with belle belly/stomach
          • 4.3. Expressions with ai eye
          • 4.4. Expressions with hed head
          • 4.5. Expressions with maut mouth
          • 4.6. Expressions with other parts of the body
        • 5. Concluding remarks: English lexicon African conceptualization patterns in Nigerian Pidgin English phraseology
          • 5.1. Verbal phrases and nominal compounds as a source of calques from native languages
            • 5.1.1. The use of the body-related terms in metaphoric functions
        • References
    • Mary Edward
      • Lexical iconicity in Adamorobe Sign Language (AdaSL) and Ghanaian Sign Language (GSL)
        • Introduction
        • 1. Patterned iconicity in sign language
        • 2. Cognitive Linguistic Approach to Sign Languages
        • 3. Language Information
        • 4. Methods
          • 4.1. Participants
          • 4.2. Data collection process
          • 4.3 Coding
        • 5. Results
          • 5.1. Iconicity patterns among signers
          • 5.2 Iconicity patterns among gesturers
          • 5.3 Consistency and full agreement among signers
        • 6. Discussion
        • 7. Conclusion
        • APPENDIX. GSL manual alphabet (McGuire & Deutsch 2015)
        • References
• Part IV. Social and communicative aspects of languages
  • Yakubu Magaji Azare
    • Phraseological units involving body-part terms: a corpus based analysis of Hausa to English translation
      • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Aim and scope
        • 3. Body-part terms as a basis for comparative works
        • 4. Body-part terms in Hausa phraseology
          • 4.1. Body-part terms as grammatical elements
          • 4.2. Body-part terms in phrasal verbs and nominal compounds
          • 4.3. Body-part terms as cultural metaphors
        • 5. Body-part terms in translations
          • 5.1. Bpt rendered with zero Bpt
          • 5.2. Bpt rendered with any or another Bpt
          • 5.3. Cultural metaphors rendered with established statements
          • 5.4. Proverbs rendered with proverbs
        • 6. Body-part terms in frequency of occurrences
        • 7. Summary and concluding remarks
        • References
          • Sources
    • Judith A. Mgbemena
      • Linguistic repertoires of refugees in Internally Displaced Peoples (IDP) camps in North East Nigeria
        • 1. Introduction
        • 2. Ecolinguistics
        • 3. Language mobility in Nigeria
        • 4. Aims, methods and scope of the study
        • 5. Conflict and mobility of languages in North-East Nigeria
          • 5.1. Language and conflict in Borno state
        • 6. Sociolinguistic situation in the IDP camps
          • 6.1. Linguistic background of the IDPs in the camps
          • 6.2. Language use spectrum and the daily linguistic repertoires of the persons
          • 6.3. Sociolinguistic issues from the linguistic repertoires of the IDPs
        • 7. Conclusion
        • References
    • Aisha Umar Adamu
      • The function of nonverbal regulators in Hausa face-to-face interaction
        • 1. Nonverbal regulators
        • 2. Data and methodology
        • 3. Use of regulators
          • 3.1. Regulators to mark the beginning of interaction
          • 3.2. Regulators to mark the end of interaction
          • 3.3. Regulators as turn-taking signals
        • 4. Conclusion
        • References
    • Nina Pawlak
      • Allah expressions as a manifestation of common cultural area in West Africa
        • 1. Introduction
        • 1. Arabic borrowings as a culturally motivated innovation in African languages
        • 2. Incorporation of Arabic phrases into West African languages
        • 3. The equivalents of the Arabic phrases in African languages
        • 4. Allah expressions in Hausa
          • 4.1. Religious phrases as communication rituals
          • 4.2. The name of Allah in phraseology and discourse
        • 5. Desacralization of religious phrases
        • 6. Summary
        • Bibliography

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