Programming Python. 3rd Edition

Spis treści książki

• Programming Python, 3rd Edition
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Foreword
  • How Time Flies!
  • Coming Attractions
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Foreword to the Second Edition (2001)
  • Foreword from the First Edition (1996)
• Preface
  • And Now for Something Completely Different . . . Again
  • About This Book
  • About This Edition
    • Python Changes
    • Example Changes
    • Topic Changes
    • Focus Unchanged
  • This Books Motivation
  • This Books Structure
  • This Editions Design
    • Its Been Updated for Python 2.4 (and 2.5)
    • Its Been Reorganized
    • It Covers New Topics
    • Its Still Mostly Platform-Neutral
      • C integration code platform issues
    • Its Still Focused for a More Advanced Audience
    • Its Still Example-Oriented
  • Using the Books Examples
    • The Book Examples Tree
    • The Book Examples Distribution Package
    • Running Examples: The Short Story
    • Running Examples: The Details
      • Demos and gadgets
      • Setup requirements
      • Web-based examples
      • Top-level programs
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Safari Enabled
  • Where to Look for Updates
  • Contacting OReilly
  • Using Code Examples
  • Acknowledgments
• I. The Beginning
  • 1. Introducing Python
    • 1.1. And Now for Something Completely Different
    • 1.2. Python Philosophy 101
    • 1.3. The Life of Python
    • 1.4. Signs of the Python Times
      • 1.4.1. Recent Growth (As of 2005, at Least)
    • 1.5. The Compulsory Features List
    • 1.6. Whats Python Good For?
    • 1.7. Whats Python Not Good For?
    • 1.8. Truth in Advertising
  • 2. A Sneak Preview
    • 2.1. Programming Python: The Short Story
    • 2.2. The Task
    • 2.3. Step 1: Representing Records
      • 2.3.1. Using Lists
        • 2.3.1.1. A database list
        • 2.3.1.2. Field labels
      • 2.3.2. Using Dictionaries
        • 2.3.2.1. Other ways to make dictionaries
        • 2.3.2.2. Lists of dictionaries
        • 2.3.2.3. Nested structures
        • 2.3.2.4. Dictionaries of dictionaries
    • 2.4. Step 2: Storing Records Persistently
      • 2.4.1. Using Formatted Files
        • 2.4.1.1. Test data script
        • 2.4.1.2. Data format script
        • 2.4.1.3. Utility scripts
      • 2.4.2. Using Pickle Files
      • 2.4.3. Using Per-Record Pickle Files
      • 2.4.4. Using Shelves
    • 2.5. Step 3: Stepping Up to OOP
      • 2.5.1. Using Classes
      • 2.5.2. Adding Behavior
      • 2.5.3. Adding Inheritance
      • 2.5.4. Refactoring Code
        • 2.5.4.1. Augmenting methods
        • 2.5.4.2. Display format
        • 2.5.4.3. Constructor customization
        • 2.5.4.4. Alternative classes
      • 2.5.5. Adding Persistence
      • 2.5.6. Other Database Options
    • 2.6. Step 4: Adding Console Interaction
      • 2.6.1. A Console Shelve Interface
    • 2.7. Step 5: Adding a GUI
      • 2.7.1. GUI Basics
      • 2.7.2. Using OOP for GUIs
      • 2.7.3. Getting Input from a User
      • 2.7.4. A GUI Shelve Interface
        • 2.7.4.1. Coding the GUI
        • 2.7.4.2. Using the GUI
        • 2.7.4.3. Future directions
    • 2.8. Step 6: Adding a Web Interface
      • 2.8.1. CGI Basics
      • 2.8.2. Running a Web Server
      • 2.8.3. Using Query Strings and urllib
      • 2.8.4. Formatting Reply Text
      • 2.8.5. A Web-Based Shelve Interface
        • 2.8.5.1. Coding the web site
        • 2.8.5.2. Using the web site
        • 2.8.5.3. Future directions
    • 2.9. The End of the Demo
• II. System Programming
  • 3. System Tools
    • 3.1. The os.path to Knowledge
      • 3.1.1. Why Python Here?
      • 3.1.2. The Next Five Chapters
    • 3.2. System Scripting Overview
      • 3.2.1. Python System Modules
      • 3.2.2. Module Documentation Sources
      • 3.2.3. Paging Documentation Strings
      • 3.2.4. Introducing String Methods
      • 3.2.5. File Operation Basics
      • 3.2.6. Using Programs in Two Ways
      • 3.2.7. Python Library Manuals
      • 3.2.8. Commercially Published References
    • 3.3. Introducing the sys Module
      • 3.3.1. Platforms and Versions
      • 3.3.2. The Module Search Path
      • 3.3.3. The Loaded Modules Table
      • 3.3.4. Exception Details
      • 3.3.5. Other sys Module Exports
    • 3.4. Introducing the os Module
      • 3.4.1. The Big os Lists
      • 3.4.2. Administrative Tools
      • 3.4.3. Portability Constants
      • 3.4.4. Basic os.path Tools
      • 3.4.5. Running Shell Commands from Scripts
        • 3.4.5.1. Whats a shell command?
        • 3.4.5.2. Running shell commands
        • 3.4.5.3. Communicating with shell commands
        • 3.4.5.4. Shell command limitations
      • 3.4.6. Other os Module Exports
    • 3.5. Script Execution Context
    • 3.6. Current Working Directory
      • 3.6.1. CWD, Files, and Import Paths
      • 3.6.2. CWD and Command Lines
    • 3.7. Command-Line Arguments
    • 3.8. Shell Environment Variables
      • 3.8.1. Fetching Shell Variables
      • 3.8.2. Changing Shell Variables
      • 3.8.3. Shell Variable Details
    • 3.9. Standard Streams
      • 3.9.1. Redirecting Streams to Files and Programs
        • 3.9.1.1. Redirecting streams to files
        • 3.9.1.2. Chaining programs with pipes
        • 3.9.1.3. Coding alternatives
        • 3.9.1.4. Redirected streams and user interaction
        • 3.9.1.5. Reading keyboard input
      • 3.9.2. Redirecting Streams to Python Objects
      • 3.9.3. The StringIO Module
      • 3.9.4. Capturing the stderr Stream
      • 3.9.5. Redirection Syntax in Print Statements
      • 3.9.6. Other Redirection Options
  • 4. File and Directory Tools
    • 4.1. Erase Your Hard Drive in Five Easy Steps!
    • 4.2. File Tools
      • 4.2.1. Built-In File Objects
        • 4.2.1.1. Output files
          • 4.2.1.1.1. Opening
          • 4.2.1.1.2. Writing
          • 4.2.1.1.3. Closing
        • 4.2.1.2. Input files
        • 4.2.1.3. Reading lines with file iterators
        • 4.2.1.4. Other file object modes
        • 4.2.1.5. Binary datafiles
        • 4.2.1.6. End-of-line translations on Windows
        • 4.2.1.7. Parsing packed binary data with the struct module
      • 4.2.2. File Tools in the os Module
        • 4.2.2.1. Open mode flags
        • 4.2.2.2. Other os file tools
      • 4.2.3. File Scanners
    • 4.3. Directory Tools
      • 4.3.1. Walking One Directory
        • 4.3.1.1. Running shell listing commands with os.popen
        • 4.3.1.2. The glob module
        • 4.3.1.3. The os.listdir call
        • 4.3.1.4. Splitting and joining listing results
      • 4.3.2. Walking Directory Trees
        • 4.3.2.1. The os.path.walk visitor
        • 4.3.2.2. The os.walk generator
        • 4.3.2.3. Recursive os.listdir traversals
      • 4.3.3. Rolling Your Own find Module
  • 5. Parallel System Tools
    • 5.1. Telling the Monkeys What to Do
    • 5.2. Forking Processes
      • 5.2.1. The fork/exec Combination
        • 5.2.1.1. os.exec call formats
        • 5.2.1.2. Spawned child program
    • 5.3. Threads
      • 5.3.1. The thread Module
        • 5.3.1.1. Synchronizing access to global objects
        • 5.3.1.2. Waiting for spawned thread exits
      • 5.3.2. The threading Module
      • 5.3.3. The Queue Module
      • 5.3.4. The Global Interpreter Lock and Threads
        • 5.3.4.1. The thread switch interval
        • 5.3.4.2. Atomic operations
        • 5.3.4.3. C API thread considerations
    • 5.4. Program Exits
      • 5.4.1. os Module Exits
      • 5.4.2. Exit Status Codes
      • 5.4.3. Process Exit Status
      • 5.4.4. Thread Exits
    • 5.5. Interprocess Communication
    • 5.6. Pipes
      • 5.6.1. Anonymous Pipe Basics
      • 5.6.2. Bidirectional IPC with Pipes
        • 5.6.2.1. Deadlocks, flushes, and unbuffered streams
      • 5.6.3. Named Pipes (Fifos)
    • 5.7. Signals
    • 5.8. Other Ways to Start Programs
      • 5.8.1. The os.spawn Calls
      • 5.8.2. Launching Programs on Windows
        • 5.8.2.1. Using the DOS start command
        • 5.8.2.2. Using start in Python scripts
        • 5.8.2.3. The os.startfile call
      • 5.8.3. Other Program Launch Options
    • 5.9. A Portable Program-Launch Framework
    • 5.10. Other System Tools
  • 6. System Examples: Utilities
    • 6.1. Splits and Joins and Alien Invasions
    • 6.2. Splitting and Joining Files
      • 6.2.1. Splitting Files Portably
        • 6.2.1.1. Operation modes
        • 6.2.1.2. Binary file access
        • 6.2.1.3. Manually closing files
      • 6.2.2. Joining Files Portably
        • 6.2.2.1. Reading by blocks or files
        • 6.2.2.2. Sorting filenames
      • 6.2.3. Usage Variations
    • 6.3. Generating Forward-Link Web Pages
      • 6.3.1. Page Template File
      • 6.3.2. Page Generator Script
    • 6.4. A Regression Test Script
    • 6.5. Packing and Unpacking Files
      • 6.5.1. Packing Files ++
      • 6.5.2. Application Hierarchy Superclasses
        • 6.5.2.1. StreamApp: adding stream redirection
        • 6.5.2.2. App: the root class
        • 6.5.2.3. Why use classes here?
    • 6.6. Automated Program Launchers
      • 6.6.1. Launcher Module Clients
      • 6.6.2. Launching Programs Without Environment Settings
      • 6.6.3. Launching Web Browsers Portably
        • 6.6.3.1. Launching browsers with command lines
        • 6.6.3.2. Launching browsers with function calls
        • 6.6.3.3. Viewing multimedia in browsers
      • 6.6.4. A Portable Media File Player Tool
        • 6.6.4.1. The Python webbrowser module
        • 6.6.4.2. The Python mimetypes module
  • 7. System Examples: Directories
    • 7.1. The Greps of Wrath
    • 7.2. Fixing DOS Line Ends
      • 7.2.1. Converting Line Ends in One File
        • 7.2.1.1. Slinging bytes and verifying results
        • 7.2.1.2. Nonintrusive conversions
        • 7.2.1.3. Slicing strings out of bounds
        • 7.2.1.4. Binary file mode revisited
      • 7.2.2. Converting Line Ends in One Directory
      • 7.2.3. Converting Line Ends in an Entire Tree
        • 7.2.3.1. The view from the top
    • 7.3. Fixing DOS Filenames
      • 7.3.1. Rewriting with os.path.walk
    • 7.4. Searching Directory Trees
      • 7.4.1. Greps and Globs in Shells and Python
        • 7.4.1.1. Cleaning up bytecode files
      • 7.4.2. A Python Tree Searcher
    • 7.5. Visitor: Walking Trees Generically
      • 7.5.1. Editing Files in Directory Trees
      • 7.5.2. Global Replacements in Directory Trees
      • 7.5.3. Collecting Matched Files in Trees
        • 7.5.3.1. Suppressing status messages
      • 7.5.4. Recoding Fixers with Visitors
      • 7.5.5. Fixing File Permissions in Trees
      • 7.5.6. Changing Unix Executable Path Lines
      • 7.5.7. Summary: Counting Source Lines Four Ways
    • 7.6. Copying Directory Trees
      • 7.6.1. A Python Tree Copy Script
      • 7.6.2. Recoding Copies with a Visitor-Based Class
    • 7.7. Deleting Directory Trees
      • 7.7.1. Recoding Deletions for Generality
    • 7.8. Comparing Directory Trees
      • 7.8.1. Finding Directory Differences
      • 7.8.2. Finding Tree Differences
      • 7.8.3. Running the Script
        • 7.8.3.1. Verifying CD backups
      • 7.8.4. Reporting Differences
• III. GUI Programming
  • 8. Graphical User Interfaces
    • 8.1. Heres Looking at You, Kid
      • 8.1.1. GUI Programming Topics
    • 8.2. Python GUI Development Options
    • 8.3. Tkinter Overview
      • 8.3.1. Tkinter Pragmatics
      • 8.3.2. Tkinter Documentation
      • 8.3.3. Tkinter Extensions
      • 8.3.4. Tkinter Structure
    • 8.4. Climbing the GUI Learning Curve
      • 8.4.1. Hello World in Four Lines (or Less)
    • 8.5. Tkinter Coding Basics
      • 8.5.1. Making Widgets
      • 8.5.2. Geometry Managers
      • 8.5.3. Running GUI Programs
        • 8.5.3.1. Avoiding DOS consoles on Windows
    • 8.6. Tkinter Coding Alternatives
      • 8.6.1. Widget Resizing Basics
      • 8.6.2. Configuring Widget Options and Window Titles
      • 8.6.3. One More for Old Times Sake
      • 8.6.4. Packing Widgets Without Saving Them
    • 8.7. Adding Buttons and Callbacks
      • 8.7.1. Widget Resizing Revisited: Expansion
    • 8.8. Adding User-Defined Callback Handlers
      • 8.8.1. Lambda Callback Handlers
        • 8.8.1.1. Passing in values with default arguments
        • 8.8.1.2. Passing in values with enclosing scope references
        • 8.8.1.3. Enclosing scopes versus defaults
      • 8.8.2. Bound Method Callback Handlers
      • 8.8.3. Callable Class Object Callback Handlers
      • 8.8.4. Other Tkinter Callback Protocols
      • 8.8.5. Binding Events
    • 8.9. Adding Multiple Widgets
      • 8.9.1. Widget Resizing Revisited: Clipping
      • 8.9.2. Attaching Widgets to Frames
      • 8.9.3. Layout: Packing Order and Side Attachments
      • 8.9.4. The Packers Expand and Fill Revisited
      • 8.9.5. Using Anchor to Position Instead of Stretch
    • 8.10. Customizing Widgets with Classes
    • 8.11. Reusable GUI Components with Classes
      • 8.11.1. Attaching Class Components
      • 8.11.2. Extending Class Components
      • 8.11.3. Standalone Container Classes
    • 8.12. The End of the Tutorial
    • 8.13. Python/Tkinter for Tcl/Tk Converts
  • 9. A Tkinter Tour, Part 1
    • 9.1. Widgets and Gadgets and GUIs, Oh My!
      • 9.1.1. This Chapters Topics
    • 9.2. Configuring Widget Appearance
    • 9.3. Top-Level Windows
      • 9.3.1. Toplevel and Tk Widgets
      • 9.3.2. Top-Level Window Protocols
    • 9.4. Dialogs
      • 9.4.1. Standard (Common) Dialogs
        • 9.4.1.1. A smart and reusable Quit button
        • 9.4.1.2. A dialog demo launcher bar
        • 9.4.1.3. Printing dialog results (and passing callback data with lambdas)
        • 9.4.1.4. Letting users select colors on the fly
        • 9.4.1.5. Other standard dialog calls
      • 9.4.2. The Old-Style Dialog Module
      • 9.4.3. Custom Dialogs
        • 9.4.3.1. Making custom dialogs modal
        • 9.4.3.2. Other ways to be modal
    • 9.5. Binding Events
    • 9.6. Message and Entry
      • 9.6.1. Message
      • 9.6.2. Entry
        • 9.6.2.1. Programming Entry widgets
        • 9.6.2.2. Laying out input forms
        • 9.6.2.3. Going modal again
        • 9.6.2.4. Tkinter variables
    • 9.7. Checkbutton, Radiobutton, and Scale
      • 9.7.1. Checkbuttons
        • 9.7.1.1. Check buttons and variables
      • 9.7.2. Radio Buttons
        • 9.7.2.1. Radio buttons and variables
        • 9.7.2.2. Radio buttons without variables
        • 9.7.2.3. Hold onto your variables
      • 9.7.3. Scales (Sliders)
        • 9.7.3.1. Scales and variables
    • 9.8. Running GUI Code Three Ways
      • 9.8.1. Attaching Frames
      • 9.8.2. Independent Windows
      • 9.8.3. Running Programs
        • 9.8.3.1. Cross-program communication
        • 9.8.3.2. Coding for reusability
    • 9.9. Images
      • 9.9.1. Fun with Buttons and Pictures
    • 9.10. Viewing and Processing Images with PIL
      • 9.10.1. PIL Basics
      • 9.10.2. Displaying Other Image Types with PIL
        • 9.10.2.1. Displaying all images in a directory
      • 9.10.3. Creating Image Thumbnails with PIL
        • 9.10.3.1. Performance: saving thumbnail files
        • 9.10.3.2. Layout: gridding and fixed-size widgets
        • 9.10.3.3. Scrolling and canvases
  • 10. A Tkinter Tour, Part 2
    • 10.1. On Todays Menu: Spam, Spam, and Spam
    • 10.2. Menus
      • 10.2.1. Top-Level Window Menus
      • 10.2.2. Frame- and Menubutton-Based Menus
        • 10.2.2.1. Using Menubuttons and Optionmenus
      • 10.2.3. Windows with Both Menus and Toolbars
        • 10.2.3.1. Automating menu construction
    • 10.3. Listboxes and Scrollbars
      • 10.3.1. Programming Listboxes
      • 10.3.2. Programming Scroll Bars
      • 10.3.3. Packing Scroll Bars
    • 10.4. Text
      • 10.4.1. Programming the Text Widget
        • 10.4.1.1. Text is a Python string
        • 10.4.1.2. String positions
          • 10.4.1.2.1. Text indexes
          • 10.4.1.2.2. Text marks
          • 10.4.1.2.3. Text tags
      • 10.4.2. Adding Text-Editing Operations
        • 10.4.2.1. Using the clipboard
        • 10.4.2.2. Composition versus inheritance
        • 10.4.2.3. Its called Simple for a reason
      • 10.4.3. Advanced Text and Tag Operations
    • 10.5. Canvas
      • 10.5.1. Basic Canvas Operations
      • 10.5.2. Programming the Canvas Widget
        • 10.5.2.1. Coordinates
        • 10.5.2.2. Object construction
        • 10.5.2.3. Object identifiers and operations
        • 10.5.2.4. Canvas object tags
      • 10.5.3. Scrolling Canvases
      • 10.5.4. Scrollable Canvases and Image Thumbnails
        • 10.5.4.1. Scrolling images too: PyPhoto (ahead)
      • 10.5.5. Using Canvas Events
        • 10.5.5.1. Binding events on specific items
    • 10.6. Grids
      • 10.6.1. Grid Basics
      • 10.6.2. grid Versus pack
      • 10.6.3. Combining grid and pack
      • 10.6.4. Making Gridded Widgets Expandable
        • 10.6.4.1. Resizing in grids
        • 10.6.4.2. Spanning columns and rows
      • 10.6.5. Laying Out Larger Tables with grid
    • 10.7. Time Tools, Threads, and Animation
      • 10.7.1. Using Threads with GUIs
      • 10.7.2. Using the after Method
        • 10.7.2.1. Hiding and redrawing widgets and windows
      • 10.7.3. Simple Animation Techniques
        • 10.7.3.1. Using time.sleep loops
        • 10.7.3.2. Using widget.after events
        • 10.7.3.3. Using multiple time.sleep loop threads
      • 10.7.4. Other Animation Concepts: Threads and Toolkits
    • 10.8. The End of the Tour
    • 10.9. The PyDemos and PyGadgets Launchers
      • 10.9.1. PyDemos Launcher Bar
      • 10.9.2. PyGadgets Launcher Bar
  • 11. GUI Coding Techniques
    • 11.1. Building a Better Mouse Trap
    • 11.2. GuiMixin: Common Tool Mixin Classes
    • 11.3. GuiMaker: Automating Menus and Toolbars
      • 11.3.1. Subclass Protocols
      • 11.3.2. GuiMaker Classes
      • 11.3.3. GuiMaker Self-Test
      • 11.3.4. BigGui: A Client Demo Program
    • 11.4. ShellGui: GUIs for Command-Line Tools
      • 11.4.1. A Generic Shell-Tools Display
      • 11.4.2. Application-Specific Tool Set Classes
      • 11.4.3. Adding GUI Frontends to Command Lines
    • 11.5. GuiStreams: Redirecting Streams to Widgets
      • 11.5.1. Using Redirection for the Packing Scripts
    • 11.6. Reloading Callback Handlers Dynamically
    • 11.7. Wrapping Up Top-Level Window Interfaces
    • 11.8. GUIs, Threads, and Queues
      • 11.8.1. Placing Callbacks on Queues
    • 11.9. More Ways to Add GUIs to Non-GUI Code
      • 11.9.1. Popping up GUI Windows on Demand
      • 11.9.2. Adding a GUI As a Separate Program: Sockets
      • 11.9.3. Adding a GUI As a Separate Program: Pipes
  • 12. Complete GUI Programs
    • 12.1. Python, Open Source, and Camaros
      • 12.1.1. Examples in Other Chapters
      • 12.1.2. This Chapters Strategy
    • 12.2. PyEdit: A Text Editor Program/Object
      • 12.2.1. Running PyEdit
        • 12.2.1.1. Menus and toolbars
        • 12.2.1.2. Dialogs
        • 12.2.1.3. Running program code
        • 12.2.1.4. New features in version 2.0
      • 12.2.2. PyEdit Source Code
    • 12.3. PyPhoto: An Image Viewer and Resizer
      • 12.3.1. Running PyPhoto
      • 12.3.2. PyPhoto Source Code
    • 12.4. PyView: An Image and Notes Slideshow
      • 12.4.1. Running PyView
      • 12.4.2. PyView Source Code
    • 12.5. PyDraw: Painting and Moving Graphics
      • 12.5.1. Running PyDraw
      • 12.5.2. PyDraw Source Code
    • 12.6. PyClock: An Analog/Digital Clock Widget
      • 12.6.1. A Quick Geometry Lesson
      • 12.6.2. Running PyClock
      • 12.6.3. PyClock Source Code
    • 12.7. PyToe: A Tic-Tac-Toe Game Widget
      • 12.7.1. Running PyToe
      • 12.7.2. PyToe Source Code (Book Examples Distribution)
    • 12.8. Where to Go from Here
• IV. Internet Programming
  • 13. Network Scripting
    • 13.1. Tune In, Log On, and Drop Out
      • 13.1.1. Internet Scripting Topics
        • 13.1.1.1. What we will cover
        • 13.1.1.2. What we wont cover
        • 13.1.1.3. Running examples in this part of the book
    • 13.2. Plumbing the Internet
      • 13.2.1. The Socket Layer
        • 13.2.1.1. Machine identifiers
      • 13.2.2. The Protocol Layer
        • 13.2.2.1. Port number rules
        • 13.2.2.2. Clients and servers
        • 13.2.2.3. Protocol structures
      • 13.2.3. Pythons Internet Library Modules
    • 13.3. Socket Programming
      • 13.3.1. Socket Basics
        • 13.3.1.1. Server socket calls
        • 13.3.1.2. Client socket calls
        • 13.3.1.3. Running socket programs locally
        • 13.3.1.4. Running socket programs remotely
        • 13.3.1.5. Socket pragmatics
        • 13.3.1.6. Spawning clients in parallel
        • 13.3.1.7. Talking to reserved ports
    • 13.4. Handling Multiple Clients
      • 13.4.1. Forking Servers
        • 13.4.1.1. Running the forking server
        • 13.4.1.2. Forking processes
        • 13.4.1.3. Exiting from children
        • 13.4.1.4. Killing the zombies
        • 13.4.1.5. Preventing zombies with signal handlers
      • 13.4.2. Threading Servers
      • 13.4.3. Standard Library Server Classes
      • 13.4.4. Third-Party Server Tools: Twisted
      • 13.4.5. Multiplexing Servers with select
        • 13.4.5.1. A select-based echo server
        • 13.4.5.2. Running the select server
      • 13.4.6. Choosing a Server Scheme
    • 13.5. A Simple Python File Server
      • 13.5.1. Running the File Server and Clients
      • 13.5.2. Adding a User-Interface Frontend
        • 13.5.2.1. Using Frames and command lines
        • 13.5.2.2. Using grids and function calls
        • 13.5.2.3. Using a reusable form-layout class
  • 14. Client-Side Scripting
    • 14.1. Socket to Me!
    • 14.2. FTP: Transferring Files over the Net
      • 14.2.1. Fetching Files with ftplib
      • 14.2.2. Using urllib to FTP Files
      • 14.2.3. FTP get and put Utilities
        • 14.2.3.1. Download utility
        • 14.2.3.2. Upload utility
        • 14.2.3.3. Playing the Monty Python theme song
        • 14.2.3.4. Adding user interfaces
      • 14.2.4. Downloading Web Sites (Mirrors)
      • 14.2.5. Uploading Web Sites
      • 14.2.6. Refactoring Uploads and Downloads for Reuse
        • 14.2.6.1. Refactoring with functions
        • 14.2.6.2. Refactoring with classes
      • 14.2.7. Uploads and Deletes with Subdirectories
        • 14.2.7.1. Uploading local trees
        • 14.2.7.2. Deleting remote trees
    • 14.3. Processing Internet Email
    • 14.4. POP: Fetching Email
      • 14.4.1. Mail Configuration Module
      • 14.4.2. POP Mail Reader Script
      • 14.4.3. Fetching Messages
      • 14.4.4. Fetching Email at the Interactive Prompt
    • 14.5. SMTP: Sending Email
      • 14.5.1. SMTP Mail Sender Script
      • 14.5.2. Sending Messages
      • 14.5.3. More Ways to Abuse the Net
      • 14.5.4. Back to the Big Internet Picture
      • 14.5.5. Sending Email from the Interactive Prompt
    • 14.6. email: Parsing and Composing Mails
      • 14.6.1. Message Objects
      • 14.6.2. Basic email Interfaces in Action
    • 14.7. pymail: A Console-Based Email Client
      • 14.7.1. Running the pymail Console Client
    • 14.8. The mailtools Utility Package
      • 14.8.1. Initialization File
      • 14.8.2. MailTool Class
      • 14.8.3. MailSender Class
      • 14.8.4. MailFetcher Class
        • 14.8.4.1. General usage
        • 14.8.4.2. Inbox synchronization tools
      • 14.8.5. MailParser Class
      • 14.8.6. Self-Test Script
      • 14.8.7. Updating the pymail Console Client
    • 14.9. NNTP: Accessing Newsgroups
    • 14.10. HTTP: Accessing Web Sites
    • 14.11. Module urllib Revisited
      • 14.11.1. Other urllib Interfaces
    • 14.12. Other Client-Side Scripting Options
  • 15. The PyMailGUI Client
    • 15.1. Use the Source, Luke
      • 15.1.1. Source Code Modules
      • 15.1.2. Why PyMailGUI?
      • 15.1.3. Running PyMailGUI
      • 15.1.4. Presentation Strategy
      • 15.1.5. New in This Edition
    • 15.2. A PyMailGUI Demo
      • 15.2.1. Getting Started
      • 15.2.2. Loading Mail
      • 15.2.3. Threading Model
      • 15.2.4. Load Server Interface
      • 15.2.5. Offline Processing with Save and Open
      • 15.2.6. Sending Email and Attachments
      • 15.2.7. Viewing Email and Attachments
      • 15.2.8. Email Replies and Forwards
      • 15.2.9. Deleting Email
      • 15.2.10. POP Message Numbers and Synchronization
      • 15.2.11. Multiple Windows and Status Messages
    • 15.3. PyMailGUI Implementation
      • 15.3.1. Code Reuse
      • 15.3.2. Code Structure
      • 15.3.3. PyMailGui2: The Main Module
      • 15.3.4. SharedNames: Program-Wide Globals
      • 15.3.5. ListWindows: Message List Windows
      • 15.3.6. ViewWindows: Message View Windows
      • 15.3.7. messagecache: Message Cache Manager
      • 15.3.8. popuputil: General-Purpose GUI Pop Ups
      • 15.3.9. wraplines: Line Split Tools
      • 15.3.10. mailconfig: User Configurations
      • 15.3.11. PyMailGuiHelp: User Help Text
      • 15.3.12. Ideas for Improvement
  • 16. Server-Side Scripting
    • 16.1. Oh What a Tangled Web We Weave
    • 16.2. Whats a Server-Side CGI Script?
      • 16.2.1. The Script Behind the Curtain
      • 16.2.2. Writing CGI Scripts in Python
    • 16.3. Running Server-Side Examples
      • 16.3.1. Web Server Options
      • 16.3.2. Running a Local Web Server
      • 16.3.3. The Server-Side Examples Root Page
      • 16.3.4. Viewing Server-Side Examples and Output
    • 16.4. Climbing the CGI Learning Curve
      • 16.4.1. A First Web Page
        • 16.4.1.1. HTML basics
        • 16.4.1.2. Internet addresses (URLs)
        • 16.4.1.3. Using minimal URLs
        • 16.4.1.4. HTML file permission constraints
      • 16.4.2. A First CGI Script
        • 16.4.2.1. Installing CGI scripts
        • 16.4.2.2. Finding Python on remote servers
      • 16.4.3. Adding Pictures and Generating Tables
        • 16.4.3.1. Table tags
      • 16.4.4. Adding User Interaction
        • 16.4.4.1. Submission page
        • 16.4.4.2. More on form tags
        • 16.4.4.3. Response script
        • 16.4.4.4. Passing parameters in URLs
        • 16.4.4.5. Testing outside browsers with the module urllib
      • 16.4.5. Using Tables to Lay Out Forms
        • 16.4.5.1. Converting strings in CGI scripts
        • 16.4.5.2. Debugging CGI scripts
      • 16.4.6. Adding Common Input Devices
      • 16.4.7. Changing Input Layouts
        • 16.4.7.1. Keeping display and logic separate
      • 16.4.8. Passing Parameters in Hardcoded URLs
      • 16.4.9. Passing Parameters in Hidden Form Fields
    • 16.5. Saving State Information in CGI Scripts
      • 16.5.1. URL Query Parameters
      • 16.5.2. Hidden Form Input Fields
      • 16.5.3. HTTP Cookies
        • 16.5.3.1. Creating a cookie
        • 16.5.3.2. Receiving a cookie
        • 16.5.3.3. Using cookies in CGI scripts
        • 16.5.3.4. Handling cookies with the module urllib2
      • 16.5.4. Server-Side Databases
      • 16.5.5. Extensions to the CGI Model
      • 16.5.6. Combining Techniques
    • 16.6. The Hello World Selector
      • 16.6.1. Checking for Missing and Invalid Inputs
    • 16.7. Refactoring Code for Maintainability
      • 16.7.1. Step 1: Sharing Objects Between PagesA New Input Form
      • 16.7.2. Step 2: A Reusable Form Mock-Up Utility
      • 16.7.3. Step 3: Putting It All TogetherA New Reply Script
    • 16.8. More on HTML and URL Escapes
      • 16.8.1. URL Escape Code Conventions
      • 16.8.2. Python HTML and URL Escape Tools
      • 16.8.3. Escaping HTML Code
      • 16.8.4. Escaping URLs
      • 16.8.5. Escaping URLs Embedded in HTML Code
        • 16.8.5.1. HTML and URL conflicts: &
        • 16.8.5.2. Avoiding conflicts
    • 16.9. Transferring Files to Clients and Servers
      • 16.9.1. Displaying Arbitrary Server Files on the Client
        • 16.9.1.1. Handling private files and errors
      • 16.9.2. Uploading Client Files to the Server
        • 16.9.2.1. Handling client path formats
      • 16.9.3. More Than One Way to Push Bits over the Net
  • 17. The PyMailCGI Server
    • 17.1. Things to Do When Visiting Chicago
    • 17.2. The PyMailCGI Web Site
      • 17.2.1. Implementation Overview
      • 17.2.2. New in This Edition
      • 17.2.3. Presentation Overview
      • 17.2.4. Running This Chapters Examples
    • 17.3. The Root Page
      • 17.3.1. Configuring PyMailCGI
    • 17.4. Sending Mail by SMTP
      • 17.4.1. The Message Composition Page
      • 17.4.2. The Send Mail Script
      • 17.4.3. Error Pages
      • 17.4.4. Common Look-and-Feel
      • 17.4.5. Using the Send Mail Script Outside a Browser
    • 17.5. Reading POP Email
      • 17.5.1. The POP Password Page
      • 17.5.2. The Mail Selection List Page
      • 17.5.3. Passing State Information in URL Link Parameters
      • 17.5.4. Security Protocols
        • 17.5.4.1. Reading mail with direct URLs
      • 17.5.5. The Message View Page
      • 17.5.6. Passing State Information in HTML Hidden Input Fields
      • 17.5.7. Escaping Mail Text and Passwords in HTML
    • 17.6. Processing Fetched Mail
      • 17.6.1. Reply and Forward
      • 17.6.2. Delete
      • 17.6.3. Deletions and POP Message Numbers
        • 17.6.3.1. Inbox synchronization error potential
        • 17.6.3.2. Passing header text in hidden input fields (PyMailCGI_2.1)
        • 17.6.3.3. Server-side files for headers
        • 17.6.3.4. Delete on load
    • 17.7. Utility Modules
      • 17.7.1. External Components and Configuration
      • 17.7.2. POP Mail Interface
      • 17.7.3. POP Password Encryption
        • 17.7.3.1. Manual data encryption: rotor (defunct)
        • 17.7.3.2. Manual data encryption: PyCrypto
        • 17.7.3.3. Secure HTTP transmissions
        • 17.7.3.4. Secure cookies
        • 17.7.3.5. The secret.py module
        • 17.7.3.6. Rolling your own encryptor
      • 17.7.4. Common Utilities Module
    • 17.8. CGI Script Trade-Offs
      • 17.8.1. Other Approaches
  • 18. Advanced Internet Topics
    • 18.1. Surfing on the Shoulders of Giants
    • 18.2. Zope: A Web Application Framework
      • 18.2.1. Zope Overview
        • 18.2.1.1. Zope hierarchy model
        • 18.2.1.2. Zope scripting
        • 18.2.1.3. Zope components
      • 18.2.2. Zope Object Publishing
      • 18.2.3. A Zope External Method
        • 18.2.3.1. Calling through the Web
        • 18.2.3.2. Calling from other objects
      • 18.2.4. A Simple Zope Interactive Web Site
    • 18.3. HTMLgen: Web Pages from Objects
      • 18.3.1. A Brief HTMLgen Tutorial
    • 18.4. Jython: Python for Java
      • 18.4.1. A Quick Introduction to Jython
      • 18.4.2. Why Jython?
      • 18.4.3. A Simple Jython Example
      • 18.4.4. Interface Automation Tricks
      • 18.4.5. Writing Java Applets in Jython
      • 18.4.6. Jython Trade-Offs
      • 18.4.7. Picking Your Python
    • 18.5. Grail: A Python-Based Web Browser
      • 18.5.1. A Simple Grail Applet Example
    • 18.6. XML Processing Tools
      • 18.6.1. A Brief Introduction to XML Parsing
    • 18.7. Windows Web Scripting Extensions
      • 18.7.1. Active Scripting: Client-Side Embedding
        • 18.7.1.1. Active Scripting basics
        • 18.7.1.2. Embedding Python in HTML
      • 18.7.2. Active Server Pages: Server-Side Embedding
        • 18.7.2.1. A short ASP example
      • 18.7.3. The COM Connection
        • 18.7.3.1. A brief introduction to COM
        • 18.7.3.2. Python COM clients
        • 18.7.3.3. Python COM servers
          • 18.7.3.3.1. Using the Python server from a Python client
          • 18.7.3.3.2. Using the Python server from a Visual Basic client
          • 18.7.3.3.3. Using the Python server with client-side Active Scripting
        • 18.7.3.4. The bigger COM picture: DCOM
    • 18.8. Python Server Pages
      • 18.8.1. PSP in Webware and mod_python
    • 18.9. Rolling Your Own Servers in Python
      • 18.9.1. Standard Library Socket Servers
      • 18.9.2. Standard Library Web Servers
      • 18.9.3. Third-Party Solutions
    • 18.10. And Other Cool Stuff
• V. Tools and Techniques
  • 19. Databases and Persistence
    • 19.1. Give Me an Order of Persistence, but Hold the Pickles
    • 19.2. Persistence Options in Python
    • 19.3. DBM Files
      • 19.3.1. Using DBM Files
    • 19.4. Pickled Objects
      • 19.4.1. Using Object Pickling
      • 19.4.2. Picking in Action
      • 19.4.3. Pickler Protocols and cPickle
    • 19.5. Shelve Files
      • 19.5.1. Using Shelves
      • 19.5.2. Storing Built-In Object Types in Shelves
      • 19.5.3. Storing Class Instances in Shelves
      • 19.5.4. Changing Classes of Objects Stored in Shelves
      • 19.5.5. Shelve Constraints
        • 19.5.5.1. Keys must be strings
        • 19.5.5.2. Objects are unique only within a key
        • 19.5.5.3. Updates must treat shelves as fetch-modify-store mappings
        • 19.5.5.4. Concurrent updates are not directly supported
        • 19.5.5.5. Underlying DBM format portability
      • 19.5.6. Pickled Class Constraints
      • 19.5.7. Other Shelve Limitations
    • 19.6. The ZODB Object-Oriented Database
      • 19.6.1. A ZODB Tutorial
        • 19.6.1.1. Installing ZODB
        • 19.6.1.2. The ZEO distributed object server
        • 19.6.1.3. Creating a ZODB database
        • 19.6.1.4. Fetching and changing
      • 19.6.2. Using Classes with ZODB
      • 19.6.3. A ZODB People Database
      • 19.6.4. ZODB Resources
    • 19.7. SQL Database Interfaces
      • 19.7.1. SQL Interface Overview
      • 19.7.2. An SQL Database API Tutorial
        • 19.7.2.1. The MySQL system
        • 19.7.2.2. Installation
        • 19.7.2.3. Getting started
        • 19.7.2.4. Making databases and tables
        • 19.7.2.5. Adding records
        • 19.7.2.6. Running queries
        • 19.7.2.7. Running updates
      • 19.7.3. Building Record Dictionaries
        • 19.7.3.1. Using table descriptions
        • 19.7.3.2. Record dictionaries
        • 19.7.3.3. Automating with scripts and modules
      • 19.7.4. Tying the Pieces Together
      • 19.7.5. Loading Database Tables from Files
        • 19.7.5.1. Loading with SQL and Python
        • 19.7.5.2. Python versus SQL
      • 19.7.6. SQL Utility Scripts
        • 19.7.6.1. Table load scripts
        • 19.7.6.2. Table display script
        • 19.7.6.3. Using the scripts
      • 19.7.7. SQL Resources
    • 19.8. PyForm: A Persistent Object Viewer
      • 19.8.1. Processing Shelves with Code
      • 19.8.2. Adding a Graphical Interface
      • 19.8.3. PyForm GUI Implementation
      • 19.8.4. PyForm Table Wrappers
      • 19.8.5. PyForm Creation and View Utility Scripts
        • 19.8.5.1. Creating and browsing custom databases
      • 19.8.6. Data as Code
      • 19.8.7. Browsing Other Kinds of Objects with PyForm
      • 19.8.8. Browsing Other Kinds of Databases with PyForm
      • 19.8.9. PyForm Limitations
  • 20. Data Structures
    • 20.1. Roses Are Red, Violets Are Blue; Lists Are Mutable, and So Is Set Foo
    • 20.2. Implementing Stacks
      • 20.2.1. A Stack Module
      • 20.2.2. A Stack Class
      • 20.2.3. Customization: Performance Monitors
      • 20.2.4. Optimization: Tuple Tree Stacks
      • 20.2.5. Optimization: In-Place List Modifications
      • 20.2.6. Timing the Improvements
        • 20.2.6.1. Results under Python 1.5.2
        • 20.2.6.2. Results under Python 2.4
    • 20.3. Implementing Sets
      • 20.3.1. Set Functions
        • 20.3.1.1. Supporting multiple operands
      • 20.3.2. Set Classes
      • 20.3.3. Optimization: Moving Sets to Dictionaries
        • 20.3.3.1. Timing the results under Python 2.4
        • 20.3.3.2. Timing results under Python 1.5.2: version skew
        • 20.3.3.3. Using the Python profiler
      • 20.3.4. Optimizing fastset by Coding Techniques (or Not)
      • 20.3.5. Adding Relational Algebra to Sets (External)
    • 20.4. Subclassing Built-In Types
    • 20.5. Binary Search Trees
    • 20.6. Graph Searching
      • 20.6.1. Moving Graphs to Classes
    • 20.7. Reversing Sequences
    • 20.8. Permuting Sequences
    • 20.9. Sorting Sequences
      • 20.9.1. Adding Comparison Functions
    • 20.10. Data Structures Versus Python Built-Ins
    • 20.11. PyTree: A Generic Tree Object Viewer
      • 20.11.1. Running PyTree
      • 20.11.2. PyTree Source Code
        • 20.11.2.1. Tree-independent GUI implementation
        • 20.11.2.2. Tree wrappers and test widgets
      • 20.11.3. PyTree Does Parse Trees Too
  • 21. Text and Language
    • 21.1. See Jack Hack. Hack, Jack, Hack
    • 21.2. Strategies for Parsing Text in Python
    • 21.3. String Method Utilities
      • 21.3.1. Templating with Replacements and Formats
      • 21.3.2. Parsing with Splits and Joins
      • 21.3.3. Summing Columns in a File
      • 21.3.4. Parsing and Unparsing Rule Strings
      • 21.3.5. More on the holmes Expert System Shell
    • 21.4. Regular Expression Pattern Matching
      • 21.4.1. First Examples
      • 21.4.2. Using the re Module
        • 21.4.2.1. Module functions
        • 21.4.2.2. Compiled pattern objects
        • 21.4.2.3. Match objects
        • 21.4.2.4. Regular expression patterns
      • 21.4.3. Basic Patterns
      • 21.4.4. Scanning C Header Files for Patterns
      • 21.4.5. A File Pattern Search Utility
    • 21.5. Advanced Language Tools
    • 21.6. Handcoded Parsers
      • 21.6.1. The Expression Grammar
      • 21.6.2. The Parsers Code
      • 21.6.3. Adding a Parse Tree Interpreter
      • 21.6.4. Parse Tree Structure
      • 21.6.5. Exploring Parse Trees with PyTree
      • 21.6.6. Parsers Versus Python
    • 21.7. PyCalc: A Calculator Program/Object
      • 21.7.1. A Simple Calculator GUI
        • 21.7.1.1. Building the GUI
        • 21.7.1.2. Running code strings
        • 21.7.1.3. Extending and attaching
      • 21.7.2. PyCalcA Real Calculator GUI
        • 21.7.2.1. Running PyCalc
        • 21.7.2.2. Evaluating expressions with stacks
        • 21.7.2.3. PyCalc source code
        • 21.7.2.4. Using PyCalc as a component
        • 21.7.2.5. Adding new buttons in new components
• VI. Integration
  • 22. Extending Python
    • 22.1. I Am Lost at C
    • 22.2. Integration Modes
      • 22.2.1. Presentation Notes
    • 22.3. C Extensions Overview
    • 22.4. A Simple C Extension Module
    • 22.5. Extension Module Details
      • 22.5.1. Compilation and Linking
        • 22.5.1.1. Dynamic binding
        • 22.5.1.2. Static binding
        • 22.5.1.3. Static versus dynamic binding
      • 22.5.2. Compiling with the Distutils System
      • 22.5.3. Anatomy of a C Extension Module
      • 22.5.4. Data Conversions
        • 22.5.4.1. Python to C: using Python argument lists
        • 22.5.4.2. Python to C: using Python return values
        • 22.5.4.3. C to Python: returning values to Python
        • 22.5.4.4. Common conversion codes
      • 22.5.5. Error Handling
        • 22.5.5.1. Raising Python exceptions in C
        • 22.5.5.2. Detecting errors that occur in Python
      • 22.5.6. Reference Counts
      • 22.5.7. Other Extension Tasks: Threads
    • 22.6. The SWIG Integration Code Generator
      • 22.6.1. A Simple SWIG Example
      • 22.6.2. SWIG Details
    • 22.7. Wrapping C Environment Calls
      • 22.7.1. Adding Wrapper Classes to Flat Libraries
      • 22.7.2. But Dont Do That EitherSWIG
    • 22.8. A C Extension Module String Stack
      • 22.8.1. But Dont Do That EitherSWIG
    • 22.9. A C Extension Type String Stack
      • 22.9.1. Anatomy of a C Extension Type
      • 22.9.2. Compiling and Running
      • 22.9.3. Timing the C Implementations
      • 22.9.4. Older Timing Results
      • 22.9.5. But Dont Do That EitherSWIG
    • 22.10. Wrapping C++ Classes with SWIG
      • 22.10.1. A Simple C++ Extension Class
      • 22.10.2. Wrapping the C++ Class with SWIG
      • 22.10.3. Using the C++ Class in Python
        • 22.10.3.1. Using the low-level extension module
        • 22.10.3.2. Subclassing the C++ class in Python
        • 22.10.3.3. Exploring the wrappers interactively
    • 22.11. Other Extending Tools
  • 23. Embedding Python
    • 23.1. Add Python. Mix Well. Repeat.
    • 23.2. C Embedding API Overview
      • 23.2.1. What Is Embedded Code?
    • 23.3. Basic Embedding Techniques
      • 23.3.1. Running Simple Code Strings
        • 23.3.1.1. Compiling and running
      • 23.3.2. Running Code Strings with Results and Namespaces
      • 23.3.3. Calling Python Objects
      • 23.3.4. Running Strings in Dictionaries
      • 23.3.5. Precompiling Strings to Bytecode
    • 23.4. Registering Callback Handler Objects
    • 23.5. Using Python Classes in C
    • 23.6. A High-Level Embedding API: ppembed
      • 23.6.1. Running Objects with ppembed
      • 23.6.2. Running Code Strings with ppembed
      • 23.6.3. Running Customizable Validations
        • 23.6.3.1. Running function-based validations
        • 23.6.3.2. Other validation components
      • 23.6.4. ppembed Implementation
      • 23.6.5. Other Integration Examples (External)
    • 23.7. Other Integration Topics
      • 23.7.1. Jython: Java Integration
      • 23.7.2. IronPython: C#/.NET Integration
      • 23.7.3. COM Integration on Windows
      • 23.7.4. CORBA Integration
      • 23.7.5. Other Languages
      • 23.7.6. Network-Based Integration Protocols
      • 23.7.7. Integration Versus Optimization
        • 23.7.7.1. Framework roles
        • 23.7.7.2. Extension module roles
        • 23.7.7.3. Picking an integration technology
• VIII. The End
  • 24. Conclusion: Python and the Development Cycle
    • 24.1. Thats the End of the Book, Now Heres the Meaning of Life
    • 24.2. Somethings Wrong with the Way We Program Computers
    • 24.3. The Gilligan Factor
    • 24.4. Doing the Right Thing
      • 24.4.1. The Static Language Build Cycle
      • 24.4.2. Artificial Complexities
      • 24.4.3. One Language Does Not Fit All
    • 24.5. Enter Python
    • 24.6. But What About That Bottleneck?
      • 24.6.1. Python Provides Immediate Turnaround
      • 24.6.2. Python Is Executable Pseudocode
      • 24.6.3. Python Is OOP Done Right
      • 24.6.4. Python Fosters Hybrid Applications
    • 24.7. On Sinking the Titanic
    • 24.8. So Whats Python: The Sequel?
    • 24.9. In the Final Analysis . . .
    • 24.10. Postscript to the Second Edition (2000)
      • 24.10.1. Integration Isnt Everything
      • 24.10.2. The End of the Java Wars
      • 24.10.3. Were Not Off That Island Yet
    • 24.11. Postscript to the Third Edition (2006)
      • 24.11.1. Proof of Concept
      • 24.11.2. Integration Today
      • 24.11.3. Quality Counts
• Index
• Colophon
• Copyright

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