Programming Python. Powerful Object-Oriented Programming. 4th Edition

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• Programming Python
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Preface
  • And Now for Something Completely Different
  • About This Book
    • This Books Ecosystem
    • What This Book Is Not
  • About This Fourth Edition
    • Specific Changes in This Edition
  • Whats Left, Then?
  • Python 3.X Impacts on This Book
    • Specific 3.X Changes
    • Language Versus Library: Unicode
    • Python 3.1 Limitations: Email, CGI
  • Using Book Examples
    • Where to Look for Examples and Updates
    • Example Portability
    • Demo Launchers
    • Code Reuse Policies
  • Contacting OReilly
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Acknowledgments
• I. The Beginning
  • 1. A Sneak Preview
    • Programming Python: The Short Story
    • The Task
    • Step 1: Representing Records
      • Using Lists
        • Start-up pointers
        • A database list
        • Field labels
      • Using Dictionaries
        • Other ways to make dictionaries
        • Lists of dictionaries
        • Nested structures
        • Dictionaries of dictionaries
    • Step 2: Storing Records Persistently
      • Using Formatted Files
        • Test data script
        • File name conventions
        • Script start-up pointers
        • Data format script
        • Utility scripts
      • Using Pickle Files
      • Using Per-Record Pickle Files
      • Using Shelves
    • Step 3: Stepping Up to OOP
      • Using Classes
      • Adding Behavior
      • Adding Inheritance
      • Refactoring Code
        • Augmenting methods
        • Display format
        • Constructor customization
        • Alternative classes
      • Adding Persistence
      • Other Database Options
    • Step 4: Adding Console Interaction
      • A Console Shelve Interface
    • Step 5: Adding a GUI
      • GUI Basics
      • Using OOP for GUIs
      • Getting Input from a User
      • A GUI Shelve Interface
        • Coding the GUI
        • Using the GUI
        • Future directions
    • Step 6: Adding a Web Interface
      • CGI Basics
        • GUIs versus the Web
      • Running a Web Server
      • Using Query Strings and urllib
      • Formatting Reply Text
      • A Web-Based Shelve Interface
        • Coding the website
        • Directories, string formatting, and security
        • Using the website
        • Future directions
    • The End of the Demo
• II. System Programming
  • 2. System Tools
    • The os.path to Knowledge
      • Why Python Here?
      • The Next Five Chapters
    • System Scripting Overview
      • Python System Modules
      • Module Documentation Sources
      • Paging Documentation Strings
      • A Custom Paging Script
      • String Method Basics
      • Other String Concepts in Python 3.X: Unicode and bytes
      • File Operation Basics
      • Using Programs in Two Ways
      • Python Library Manuals
      • Commercially Published References
    • Introducing the sys Module
      • Platforms and Versions
      • The Module Search Path
      • The Loaded Modules Table
      • Exception Details
      • Other sys Module Exports
    • Introducing the os Module
      • Tools in the os Module
      • Administrative Tools
      • Portability Constants
      • Common os.path Tools
      • Running Shell Commands from Scripts
        • Whats a shell command?
        • Running shell commands
        • Communicating with shell commands
        • The subprocess module alternative
        • Shell command limitations
      • Other os Module Exports
  • 3. Script Execution Context
    • Id Like to Have an Argument, Please
    • Current Working Directory
      • CWD, Files, and Import Paths
      • CWD and Command Lines
    • Command-Line Arguments
      • Parsing Command-Line Arguments
    • Shell Environment Variables
      • Fetching Shell Variables
      • Changing Shell Variables
      • Shell Variable Fine Points: Parents, putenv, and getenv
    • Standard Streams
      • Redirecting Streams to Files and Programs
        • Chaining programs with pipes
        • Coding alternatives for adders and sorters
      • Redirected Streams and User Interaction
      • Redirecting Streams to Python Objects
      • The io.StringIO and io.BytesIO Utility Classes
      • Capturing the stderr Stream
      • Redirection Syntax in Print Calls
      • Other Redirection Options: os.popen and subprocess Revisited
        • Redirecting input or output with os.popen
        • Redirecting input and output with subprocess
  • 4. File and Directory Tools
    • Erase Your Hard Drive in Five Easy Steps!
    • File Tools
      • The File Object Model in Python 3.X
      • Using Built-in File Objects
        • Output files
          • Opening
          • Writing
          • Closing
        • Ensuring file closure: Exception handlers and context managers
        • Input files
        • Reading lines with file iterators
        • Other open options
      • Binary and Text Files
        • Unicode encodings for text files
        • End-of-line translations for text files
        • Parsing packed binary data with the struct module
        • Random access files
      • Lower-Level File Tools in the os Module
        • Using os.open files
        • os.open mode flags
        • Wrapping descriptors in file objects
        • Other os module file tools
      • File Scanners
        • File filters
    • Directory Tools
      • Walking One Directory
        • Running shell listing commands with os.popen
        • The glob module
        • The os.listdir call
        • Splitting and joining listing results
      • Walking Directory Trees
        • The os.walk visitor
        • Recursive os.listdir traversals
      • Handling Unicode Filenames in 3.X: listdir, walk, glob
        • Unicode policies: File content versus file names
  • 5. Parallel System Tools
    • Telling the Monkeys What to Do
    • Forking Processes
      • The fork/exec Combination
        • os.exec call formats
        • Spawned child program
    • Threads
      • The _thread Module
        • Basic usage
        • Other ways to code threads with _thread
        • Running multiple threads
        • Synchronizing access to shared objects and names
        • Waiting for spawned thread exits
        • Coding alternatives: busy loops, arguments, and context managers
      • The threading Module
        • Other ways to code threads with threading
        • Synchronizing access to shared objects and names revisited
      • The queue Module
        • Arguments versus globals
        • Program exit with child threads
        • Running the script
      • Preview: GUIs and Threads
      • More on the Global Interpreter Lock
        • The thread switch interval
        • Atomic operations
        • C API thread considerations
        • A process-based alternative: multiprocessing (ahead)
    • Program Exits
      • sys Module Exits
      • os Module Exits
      • Shell Command Exit Status Codes
        • Exit status with os.system and os.popen
        • Output stream buffering: A first look
        • Exit status with subprocess
      • Process Exit Status and Shared State
      • Thread Exits and Shared State
    • Interprocess Communication
      • Anonymous Pipes
        • Anonymous pipe basics
        • Wrapping pipe descriptors in file objects
        • Anonymous pipes and threads
        • Bidirectional IPC with anonymous pipes
        • Output stream buffering revisited: Deadlocks and flushes
      • Named Pipes (Fifos)
        • Named pipe basics
        • Named pipe use cases
      • Sockets: A First Look
        • Socket basics
        • Sockets and independent programs
        • Socket use cases
      • Signals
    • The multiprocessing Module
      • Why multiprocessing?
      • The Basics: Processes and Locks
        • Implementation and usage rules
      • IPC Tools: Pipes, Shared Memory, and Queues
        • multiprocessing pipes
        • Shared memory and globals
        • Queues and subclassing
      • Starting Independent Programs
      • And Much More
        • And a little less
      • Why multiprocessing? The Conclusion
    • Other Ways to Start Programs
      • The os.spawn Calls
      • The os.startfile call on Windows
        • Using the DOS start command
        • Using start in Python scripts
        • The os.startfile call
    • A Portable Program-Launch Framework
    • Other System Tools Coverage
  • 6. Complete System Programs
    • The Greps of Wrath
    • A Quick Game of Find the Biggest Python File
      • Scanning the Standard Library Directory
      • Scanning the Standard Library Tree
      • Scanning the Module Search Path
      • Scanning the Entire Machine
      • Printing Unicode Filenames
    • Splitting and Joining Files
      • Splitting Files Portably
      • Joining Files Portably
      • Usage Variations
    • Generating Redirection Web Pages
      • Page Template File
      • Page Generator Script
    • A Regression Test Script
      • Running the Test Driver
    • Copying Directory Trees
    • Comparing Directory Trees
      • Finding Directory Differences
      • Finding Tree Differences
      • Running the Script
      • Verifying Backups
      • Reporting Differences and Other Ideas
    • Searching Directory Trees
      • Greps and Globs and Finds
      • Rolling Your Own find Module
        • The fnmatch module
      • Cleaning Up Bytecode Files
      • A Python Tree Searcher
    • Visitor: Walking Directories ++
      • Editing Files in Directory Trees (Visitor)
      • Global Replacements in Directory Trees (Visitor)
      • Counting Source Code Lines (Visitor)
      • Recoding Copies with Classes (Visitor)
      • Other Visitor Examples (External)
    • Playing Media Files
      • The Python webbrowser Module
      • The Python mimetypes Module
        • Using mimetypes guesses for SearchVisitor
      • Running the Script
    • Automated Program Launchers (External)
• III. GUI Programming
  • 7. Graphical User Interfaces
    • Heres Looking at You, Kid
      • GUI Programming Topics
      • Running the Examples
    • Python GUI Development Options
    • tkinter Overview
      • tkinter Pragmatics
      • tkinter Documentation
      • tkinter Extensions
      • tkinter Structure
        • Implementation structure
        • Programming structure
    • Climbing the GUI Learning Curve
      • Hello World in Four Lines (or Less)
      • tkinter Coding Basics
      • Making Widgets
      • Geometry Managers
      • Running GUI Programs
        • Avoiding DOS consoles on Windows
    • tkinter Coding Alternatives
      • Widget Resizing Basics
      • Configuring Widget Options and Window Titles
      • One More for Old Times Sake
      • Packing Widgets Without Saving Them
    • Adding Buttons and Callbacks
      • Widget Resizing Revisited: Expansion
    • Adding User-Defined Callback Handlers
      • Lambda Callback Handlers
      • Deferring Calls with Lambdas and Object References
      • Callback Scope Issues
        • Arguments versus globals
        • Passing in enclosing scope values with default arguments
        • Passing in enclosing scope values with automatic references
        • But you must still sometimes use defaults instead of enclosing scopes
      • Bound Method Callback Handlers
      • Callable Class Object Callback Handlers
      • Other tkinter Callback Protocols
      • Binding Events
    • Adding Multiple Widgets
      • Widget Resizing Revisited: Clipping
      • Attaching Widgets to Frames
      • Layout: Packing Order and Side Attachments
      • The Packers Expand and Fill Revisited
      • Using Anchor to Position Instead of Stretch
    • Customizing Widgets with Classes
      • Standardizing Behavior and Appearance
        • Common behavior
        • Common appearance
    • Reusable GUI Components with Classes
      • Attaching Class Components
      • Extending Class Components
      • Standalone Container Classes
    • The End of the Tutorial
    • Python/tkinter for Tcl/Tk Converts
  • 8. A tkinter Tour, Part 1
    • Widgets and Gadgets and GUIs, Oh My!
      • This Chapters Topics
    • Configuring Widget Appearance
    • Top-Level Windows
      • Toplevel and Tk Widgets
      • Top-Level Window Protocols
    • Dialogs
      • Standard (Common) Dialogs
        • A smart and reusable Quit button
        • A dialog demo launcher bar
        • Printing dialog results and passing callback data with lambdas
        • Letting users select colors on the fly
        • Other standard dialog calls
      • The Old-Style Dialog Module
      • Custom Dialogs
        • Making custom dialogs modal
        • Other ways to be modal
    • Binding Events
      • Other bind Events
        • More on <Destroy> events and the quit and destroy methods
    • Message and Entry
      • Message
      • Entry
        • Programming Entry widgets
      • Laying Out Input Forms
        • Going modal again
      • tkinter Variables and Form Layout Alternatives
    • Checkbutton, Radiobutton, and Scale
      • Checkbuttons
        • Check buttons and variables
      • Radio Buttons
        • Radio buttons and variables
        • Radio buttons without variables
        • Hold onto your variables!
      • Scales (Sliders)
        • Scales and variables
    • Running GUI Code Three Ways
      • Attaching Frames
        • Importing by name string
        • Configuring at construction time
      • Independent Windows
      • Running Programs
        • Launching GUIs as programs other ways: multiprocessing
        • Cross-program communication
        • Coding for reusability
    • Images
      • Fun with Buttons and Pictures
    • Viewing and Processing Images with PIL
      • PIL Basics
      • Displaying Other Image Types with PIL
        • Displaying all images in a directory
      • Creating Image Thumbnails with PIL
        • Performance: Saving thumbnail files
        • Layout options: Gridding
        • Layout options: Fixed-size buttons
        • Scrolling and canvases (ahead)
  • 9. A tkinter Tour, Part 2
    • On Todays Menu: Spam, Spam, and Spam
    • Menus
      • Top-Level Window Menus
      • Frame- and Menubutton-Based Menus
        • Using Menubuttons and Optionmenus
      • Windows with Both Menus and Toolbars
        • Using images in toolbars, too
        • Automating menu construction
    • Listboxes and Scrollbars
      • Programming Listboxes
      • Programming Scroll Bars
      • Packing Scroll Bars
    • Text
      • Programming the Text Widget
        • Text is a Python string
        • String positions
          • Text indexes
          • Text marks
          • Text tags
      • Adding Text-Editing Operations
        • Using the clipboard
        • Composition versus inheritance
        • Its called Simple for a reason: PyEdit (ahead)
      • Unicode and the Text Widget
        • String types in the Text widget
        • Unicode text in strings
        • Unicode text in files
        • Unicode and the Text widget
        • The problem with treating text as bytes
        • Other binary mode considerations
        • Supporting Unicode in PyEdit (ahead)
      • Advanced Text and Tag Operations
    • Canvas
      • Basic Canvas Operations
      • Programming the Canvas Widget
        • Coordinates
        • Object construction
        • Object identifiers and operations
        • Canvas object tags
      • Scrolling Canvases
      • Scrollable Canvases and Image Thumbnails
        • Scrolling images too: PyPhoto (ahead)
      • Using Canvas Events
        • Binding events on specific items
    • Grids
      • Why Grids?
      • Grid Basics: Input Forms Revisited
      • Comparing grid and pack
      • Combining grid and pack
      • Making Gridded Widgets Expandable
        • Resizing in grids
        • Spanning columns and rows
      • Laying Out Larger Tables with grid
    • Time Tools, Threads, and Animation
      • Using Threads with tkinter GUIs
      • Using the after Method
        • Hiding and redrawing widgets and windows
      • Simple Animation Techniques
        • Using time.sleep loops
        • Using widget.after events
        • Using multiple time.sleep loop threads
      • Other Animation Topics
        • Other animation effects
        • Threads and animation
        • Graphics and gaming toolkits
    • The End of the Tour
      • Other Widgets and Options
  • 10. GUI Coding Techniques
    • Building a Better Mousetrap
    • GuiMixin: Common Tool Mixin Classes
      • Widget Builder Functions
      • Mixin Utility Classes
    • GuiMaker: Automating Menus and Toolbars
      • Subclass Protocols
      • GuiMaker Classes
      • GuiMaker Self-Test
      • BigGui: A Client Demo Program
    • ShellGui: GUIs for Command-Line Tools
      • A Generic Shell-Tools Display
      • Application-Specific Tool Set Classes
      • Adding GUI Frontends to Command Lines
        • Non-GUI scripts
        • GUI input dialogs
        • Room for improvement
    • GuiStreams: Redirecting Streams to Widgets
      • Using Redirection for the Packing Scripts
    • Reloading Callback Handlers Dynamically
    • Wrapping Up Top-Level Window Interfaces
    • GUIs, Threads, and Queues
      • Placing Data on Queues
        • Recoding with classes and bound methods
        • Thread exits in GUIs
      • Placing Callbacks on Queues
        • Passing bound method callbacks on queues
    • More Ways to Add GUIs to Non-GUI Code
      • Popping Up GUI Windows on Demand
      • Adding a GUI As a Separate Program: Sockets (A Second Look)
      • Adding a GUI As a Separate Program: Command Pipes
        • The specter of blocking input calls
        • Updating GUIs within threadsand other nonsolutions
        • Avoiding blocking input calls with non-GUI threads
        • Sockets and pipes: Compare and contrast
        • Other uses for threaded pipe GUIs
    • The PyDemos and PyGadgets Launchers
      • PyDemos Launcher Bar (Mostly External)
      • PyGadgets Launcher Bar
  • 11. Complete GUI Programs
    • Python, Open Source, and Camaros
      • Examples in Other Chapters
      • This Chapters Strategy
    • PyEdit: A Text Editor Program/Object
      • Running PyEdit
        • Menus and toolbars
        • Dialogs
        • Running program code
        • Multiple windows
        • Other PyEdit examples and screenshots in this book
      • PyEdit Changes in Version 2.0 (Third Edition)
        • Font dialog
        • Undo, redo, and modified tests
        • Configuration module
      • PyEdit Changes in Version 2.1 (Fourth Edition)
        • Modal dialog state fix
        • Cross-process change tests on Quit
        • New Grep dialog: Threaded and Unicode-aware file tree search
          • Grep threading model
          • Grep Unicode model
        • Update for initial positioning
        • Improvements for running code
        • Unicode (Internationalized) text support
          • Unicode file and display model
          • Unicode options and choices
        • More on Quit checks: The <Destroy> event revisited
      • PyEdit Source Code
        • User configurations file
        • Windows (and other) launch files
        • Main implementation file
    • PyPhoto: An Image Viewer and Resizer
      • Running PyPhoto
      • PyPhoto Source Code
    • PyView: An Image and Notes Slideshow
      • Running PyView
        • Embedding PyEdit in PyView
      • PyView Source Code
    • PyDraw: Painting and Moving Graphics
      • Running PyDraw
      • PyDraw Source Code
    • PyClock: An Analog/Digital Clock Widget
      • A Quick Geometry Lesson
      • Running PyClock
      • PyClock Source Code
    • PyToe: A Tic-Tac-Toe Game Widget
      • Running PyToe
      • PyToe Source Code (External)
    • Where to Go from Here
• IV. Internet Programming
  • 12. Network Scripting
    • Tune In, Log On, and Drop Out
      • Internet Scripting Topics
        • What we will cover
        • What we wont cover
        • Other themes in this part of the book
      • Running Examples in This Part of the Book
    • Python Internet Development Options
    • Plumbing the Internet
      • The Socket Layer
        • Machine identifiers
      • The Protocol Layer
        • Port number rules
        • Clients and servers
        • Protocol structures
      • Pythons Internet Library Modules
    • Socket Programming
      • Socket Basics
        • Server socket calls
        • Transferring byte strings and objects
        • Client socket calls
      • Running Socket Programs Locally
      • Running Socket Programs Remotely
        • Socket pragmatics
      • Spawning Clients in Parallel
        • Preview: Denied client connections
      • Talking to Reserved Ports
        • Binding reserved port servers
    • Handling Multiple Clients
      • Forking Servers
        • Running the forking server
        • Other run modes: Local servers with Cygwin and remote clients
        • Forked processes and sockets
        • Exiting from children
        • Killing the zombies: Dont fear the reaper!
        • Preventing zombies with signal handlers on Linux
        • Why multiprocessing doesnt help with socket server portability
      • Threading Servers
      • Standard Library Server Classes
      • Multiplexing Servers with select
        • A select-based echo server
        • Running the select server
      • Summary: Choosing a Server Scheme
    • Making Sockets Look Like Files and Streams
      • A Stream Redirection Utility
        • Text-mode files and buffered output streams
        • Stream requirements
        • Line buffering
        • Solutions
        • Buffering in other contexts: Command pipes revisited
        • Sockets versus command pipes
    • A Simple Python File Server
      • Running the File Server and Clients
      • Adding a User-Interface Frontend
        • Using row frames and command lines
        • Using grids and function calls
        • Using a reusable form-layout class
  • 13. Client-Side Scripting
    • Socket to Me!
    • FTP: Transferring Files over the Net
    • Transferring Files with ftplib
      • Using urllib to Download Files
      • FTP get and put Utilities
        • Download utility
        • Upload utility
        • Playing the Monty Python theme song
      • Adding a User Interface
    • Transferring Directories with ftplib
      • Downloading Site Directories
      • Uploading Site Directories
      • Refactoring Uploads and Downloads for Reuse
        • Refactoring with functions
        • Refactoring with classes
    • Transferring Directory Trees with ftplib
      • Uploading Local Trees
      • Deleting Remote Trees
      • Downloading Remote Trees
    • Processing Internet Email
      • Unicode in Python 3.X and Email Tools
    • POP: Fetching Email
      • Mail Configuration Module
      • POP Mail Reader Script
      • Fetching Messages
      • Fetching Email at the Interactive Prompt
    • SMTP: Sending Email
      • SMTP Mail Sender Script
      • Sending Messages
        • Verifying receipt
        • Manipulating both From and To
      • Sending Email at the Interactive Prompt
    • email: Parsing and Composing Mail Content
      • Message Objects
      • Basic email Package Interfaces in Action
        • Handling multipart messages
      • Unicode, Internationalization, and the Python 3.1 email Package
        • Parser decoding requirement
        • Text payload encodings: Handling mixed type results
        • Text payload encodings: Using header information to decode
        • Message header encodings: email package support
        • Message address header encodings and parsing, and header creation
        • Workaround: Message text generation for binary attachment payloads is broken
        • Workaround: Message composition for non-ASCII text parts is broken
        • Summary: Solutions and workarounds
    • A Console-Based Email Client
      • Running the pymail Console Client
    • The mailtools Utility Package
      • Initialization File
      • MailTool Class
      • MailSender Class
        • Unicode issues for attachments, save files, and headers
      • MailFetcher Class
        • General usage
        • Unicode decoding for full mail text on fetches
        • Inbox synchronization tools
      • MailParser Class
        • Unicode decoding for text part payloads and message headers
      • Self-Test Script
        • Running the self-test
      • Updating the pymail Console Client
        • Running the pymail2 console client
    • NNTP: Accessing Newsgroups
    • HTTP: Accessing Websites
    • The urllib Package Revisited
      • Other urllib Interfaces
        • Invoking programs and escaping text
    • Other Client-Side Scripting Options
  • 14. The PyMailGUI Client
    • Use the Source, Luke
      • Source Code Modules and Size
        • Code size
        • Code Structure
      • Why PyMailGUI?
      • Running PyMailGUI
      • Presentation Strategy
    • Major PyMailGUI Changes
      • New in Version 2.1 and 2.0 (Third Edition)
      • New in Version 3.0 (Fourth Edition)
        • Version 3.0 Unicode support policies
    • A PyMailGUI Demo
      • Getting Started
      • Loading Mail
      • Threading Model
        • Threading model implementation
      • Load Server Interface
      • Offline Processing with Save and Open
      • Sending Email and Attachments
      • Viewing Email and Attachments
      • Email Replies and Forwards and Recipient Options
      • Deleting Email
      • POP Message Numbers and Synchronization
      • Handling HTML Content in Email
      • Mail Content Internationalization Support
      • Alternative Configurations and Accounts
      • Multiple Windows and Status Messages
    • PyMailGUI Implementation
      • PyMailGUI: The Main Module
      • SharedNames: Program-Wide Globals
      • ListWindows: Message List Windows
      • ViewWindows: Message View Windows
      • messagecache: Message Cache Manager
      • popuputil: General-Purpose GUI Pop Ups
      • wraplines: Line Split Tools
      • html2text: Extracting Text from HTML (Prototype, Preview)
      • mailconfig: User Configurations
      • textConfig: Customizing Pop-Up PyEdit Windows
      • PyMailGUIHelp: User Help Text and Display
      • altconfigs: Configuring for Multiple Accounts
    • Ideas for Improvement
  • 15. Server-Side Scripting
    • Oh, What a Tangled Web We Weave
    • Whats a Server-Side CGI Script?
      • The Script Behind the Curtain
      • Writing CGI Scripts in Python
    • Running Server-Side Examples
      • Web Server Options
      • Running a Local Web Server
      • The Server-Side Examples Root Page
      • Viewing Server-Side Examples and Output
    • Climbing the CGI Learning Curve
      • A First Web Page
        • HTML basics
        • Internet addresses (URLs)
        • Using minimal URLs
        • HTML file permission constraints
      • A First CGI Script
        • Installing CGI scripts
        • Finding Python on remote servers
      • Adding Pictures and Generating Tables
        • Table tags
      • Adding User Interaction
        • Submission page
        • More on form tags
        • Response script
        • Passing parameters in URLs
        • Testing outside browsers with the module urllib.request
      • Using Tables to Lay Out Forms
        • Converting strings in CGI scripts
        • Debugging CGI scripts
      • Adding Common Input Devices
      • Changing Input Layouts
        • Keeping display and logic separate
      • Passing Parameters in Hardcoded URLs
      • Passing Parameters in Hidden Form Fields
    • Saving State Information in CGI Scripts
      • URL Query Parameters
      • Hidden Form Input Fields
      • HTTP Cookies
        • Creating a cookie
        • Receiving a cookie
        • Using cookies in CGI scripts
        • Handling cookies with the urllib.request module
      • Server-Side Databases
      • Extensions to the CGI Model
      • Combining Techniques
    • The Hello World Selector
      • Checking for Missing and Invalid Inputs
    • Refactoring Code for Maintainability
      • Step 1: Sharing Objects Between PagesA New Input Form
      • Step 2: A Reusable Form Mock-Up Utility
      • Step 3: Putting It All TogetherA New Reply Script
    • More on HTML and URL Escapes
      • URL Escape Code Conventions
      • Python HTML and URL Escape Tools
      • Escaping HTML Code
      • Escaping URLs
      • Escaping URLs Embedded in HTML Code
        • HTML and URL conflicts: &
        • Avoiding conflicts
    • Transferring Files to Clients and Servers
      • Displaying Arbitrary Server Files on the Client
        • Handling private files and errors
      • Uploading Client Files to the Server
        • Handling client path formats
      • More Than One Way to Push Bits over the Net
  • 16. The PyMailCGI Server
    • Things to Do When Visiting Chicago
    • The PyMailCGI Website
      • Implementation Overview
      • New in This Fourth Edition (Version 3.0)
      • New in the Prior Edition (Version 2.0)
      • Presentation Overview
      • Running This Chapters Examples
    • The Root Page
      • Configuring PyMailCGI
    • Sending Mail by SMTP
      • The Message Composition Page
      • The Send Mail Script
      • Error Pages
      • Common Look-and-Feel
      • Using the Send Mail Script Outside a Browser
    • Reading POP Email
      • The POP Password Page
      • The Mail Selection List Page
      • Passing State Information in URL Link Parameters
      • Security Protocols
        • Reading mail with direct URLs
      • The Message View Page
      • Passing State Information in HTML Hidden Input Fields
      • Escaping Mail Text and Passwords in HTML
    • Processing Fetched Mail
      • Reply and Forward
      • Delete
      • Deletions and POP Message Numbers
        • Inbox synchronization error potential
        • Alternative: Passing header text in hidden input fields (PyMailCGI_2.1)
        • Alternative: Server-side files for headers
        • Alternative: Delete on load
    • Utility Modules
      • External Components and Configuration
      • POP Mail Interface
      • POP Password Encryption
        • Manual data encryption: rotor (defunct)
        • Manual data encryption: PyCrypto
        • HTTPS: Secure HTTP transmissions
        • Secure cookies
        • The secret.py module
        • Rolling your own encryptor
      • Common Utilities Module
    • Web Scripting Trade-Offs
      • PyMailCGI Versus PyMailGUI
      • The Web Versus the Desktop
      • Other Approaches
• V. Tools and Techniques
  • 17. Databases and Persistence
    • Give Me an Order of Persistence, but Hold the Pickles
    • Persistence Options in Python
    • DBM Files
      • Using DBM Files
      • DBM Details: Files, Portability, and Close
    • Pickled Objects
      • Using Object Pickling
      • Pickling in Action
      • Pickle Details: Protocols, Binary Modes, and _pickle
    • Shelve Files
      • Using Shelves
      • Storing Built-in Object Types in Shelves
      • Storing Class Instances in Shelves
      • Changing Classes of Objects Stored in Shelves
      • Shelve Constraints
        • Keys must be strings (and str)
        • Objects are unique only within a key
        • Updates must treat shelves as fetch-modify-store mappings
        • Concurrent updates are not directly supported
        • Underlying DBM format portability
      • Pickled Class Constraints
      • Other Shelve Limitations
    • The ZODB Object-Oriented Database
      • The Mostly Missing ZODB Tutorial
    • SQL Database Interfaces
      • SQL Interface Overview
      • An SQL Database API Tutorial with SQLite
        • Getting started
        • Making databases and tables
        • Adding records
        • Running queries
        • Running updates
      • Building Record Dictionaries
        • Using table descriptions
        • Record dictionaries construction
        • Automating with scripts and modules
      • Tying the Pieces Together
      • Loading Database Tables from Files
        • Loading with SQL and Python
        • Python versus SQL
      • SQL Utility Scripts
        • Table load scripts
        • Table display script
        • Using the scripts
      • SQL Resources
    • ORMs: Object Relational Mappers
    • PyForm: A Persistent Object Viewer (External)
  • 18. Data Structures
    • Roses Are Red, Violets Are Blue; Lists Are Mutable, and So Is Set Foo
    • Implementing Stacks
      • Built-in Options
      • A Stack Module
      • A Stack Class
      • Customization: Performance Monitors
      • Optimization: Tuple Tree Stacks
      • Optimization: In-Place List Modifications
      • Timing the Improvements
        • Results under Python 3.1
        • More on performance analysis
    • Implementing Sets
      • Built-in Options
      • Set Functions
        • Supporting multiple operands
      • Set Classes
      • Optimization: Moving Sets to Dictionaries
        • Timing the results under Python 3.1
      • Adding Relational Algebra to Sets (External)
    • Subclassing Built-in Types
    • Binary Search Trees
      • Built-in Options
      • Implementing Binary Trees
      • Trees with Both Keys and Values
    • Graph Searching
      • Implementing Graph Search
      • Moving Graphs to Classes
    • Permuting Sequences
    • Reversing and Sorting Sequences
      • Implementing Reversals
      • Implementing Sorts
        • Adding comparison functions
      • Data Structures Versus Built-ins: The Conclusion
    • PyTree: A Generic Tree Object Viewer
  • 19. Text and Language
    • See Jack Hack. Hack, Jack, Hack
    • Strategies for Processing Text in Python
    • String Method Utilities
      • Templating with Replacements and Formats
      • Parsing with Splits and Joins
      • Summing Columns in a File
        • Summing with zips and comprehensions
        • Summing with dictionaries
      • Parsing and Unparsing Rule Strings
        • More on the holmes expert system shell
    • Regular Expression Pattern Matching
      • The re Module
      • First Examples
      • String Operations Versus Patterns
      • Using the re Module
        • Module functions
        • Compiled pattern objects
        • Match objects
        • Regular expression patterns
      • More Pattern Examples
      • Scanning C Header Files for Patterns
    • XML and HTML Parsing
      • XML Parsing in Action
        • Regular expression parsing
        • SAX parsing
        • DOM parsing
        • ElementTree parsing
        • Other XML topics
      • HTML Parsing in Action
        • Handling HTML entity references (revisited)
        • Extracting plain text from HTML (revisited)
    • Advanced Language Tools
    • Custom Language Parsers
      • The Expression Grammar
      • The Parsers Code
      • Adding a Parse Tree Interpreter
      • Parse Tree Structure
      • Exploring Parse Trees with the PyTree GUI
      • Parsers Versus Python
    • PyCalc: A Calculator Program/Object
      • A Simple Calculator GUI
        • Building the GUI
        • Running code strings
        • Extending and attaching
      • PyCalcA Real Calculator GUI
        • Running PyCalc
        • Evaluating expressions with stacks
        • PyCalc source code
        • Using PyCalc as a component
        • Adding new buttons in new components
  • 20. Python/C Integration
    • I Am Lost at C
      • Extending and Embedding
    • Extending Python in C: Overview
    • A Simple C Extension Module
    • The SWIG Integration Code Generator
      • A Simple SWIG Example
    • Wrapping C Environment Calls
      • Adding Wrapper Classes to Flat Libraries
      • Wrapping C Environment Calls with SWIG
    • Wrapping C++ Classes with SWIG
      • A Simple C++ Extension Class
      • Wrapping the C++ Class with SWIG
      • Using the C++ Class in Python
        • Using the low-level extension module
        • Subclassing the C++ class in Python
        • Exploring the wrappers interactively
    • Other Extending Tools
    • Embedding Python in C: Overview
      • The C Embedding API
      • What Is Embedded Code?
    • Basic Embedding Techniques
      • Running Simple Code Strings
        • Compiling and running
      • Running Code Strings with Results and Namespaces
      • Calling Python Objects
      • Running Strings in Dictionaries
      • Precompiling Strings to Bytecode
    • Registering Callback Handler Objects
      • Registration Implementation
    • Using Python Classes in C
    • Other Integration Topics
• VI. The End
  • 21. Conclusion: Python and the Development Cycle
    • Thats the End of the Book, Now Heres the Meaning of Life
    • Somethings Wrong with the Way We Program Computers
    • The Gilligan Factor
    • Doing the Right Thing
      • The Static Language Build Cycle
      • Artificial Complexities
      • One Language Does Not Fit All
    • Enter Python
    • But What About That Bottleneck?
      • Python Provides Immediate Turnaround
      • Python Is Executable Pseudocode
      • Python Is OOP Done Right
      • Python Fosters Hybrid Applications
    • On Sinking the Titanic
    • So Whats Python?: The Sequel
    • In the Final Analysis
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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