Network Programmability and Automation. 2nd Edition

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• Preface
  • What This Book Covers
    • Whats New in This Edition
  • How This Book Is Organized
  • Who Should Read This Book
    • Network Engineers
      • Prerequisites
    • Systems Administrators
      • Prerequisites
    • Software Developers
      • Prerequisites
  • Tools Used in This Book
  • Online Resources
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Network Industry Trends
  • The Rise of Software-Defined Networking
    • The Advent of OpenFlow
    • Why OpenFlow?
  • What Is Software-Defined Networking?
    • Opening Up the Data Plane
    • Network Functions Virtualization
    • Virtual Switching
    • Network Virtualization
    • Device APIs
    • Network Automation
    • Bare-Metal Switching
    • Data Center Network Fabrics
    • SD-WAN
    • Controller Networking
    • Cloud Native Networking
  • Summary
• 2. Network Automation
  • Why Network Automation?
    • Simplified Architectures
    • Deterministic Outcomes
    • Business Agility
    • Enhanced Security and Risk Reduction
  • Types of Network Automation
    • Device Provisioning
    • Data Collection and Enrichment
    • Migrations
    • Configuration Management
    • Configuration Compliance
    • State Validation
    • Reporting
    • Troubleshooting
  • Evolving the Management Plane from SNMP to APIs
    • Application Programming Interfaces
      • SNMP
      • SSH/Telnet and the CLI
      • NETCONF
      • RESTful APIs
      • gNMI
    • Impact of Open Networking
  • Network Automation in the SDN Era
  • Summary
• 3. Linux
  • Examining Linux in a Network Automation Context
  • Exploring a Brief History of Linux
  • Understanding Linux Distributions
    • Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, CentOS, and Amazon Linux
    • Debian, Ubuntu, and Other Derivatives
    • Other Linux Distributions
  • Interacting with Linux
    • Navigating the Filesystem
    • Manipulating Files and Directories
      • Creating files and directories
      • Deleting files and directories
      • Moving, copying, and renaming files and directories
      • Changing permissions
    • Running Programs
    • Working with Daemons
      • Starting, stopping, and restarting background services
      • Checking the status or configuration of a background service
      • Other daemon-related commands
  • Networking in Linux
    • Working with Interfaces
      • Interface configuration via the command line
        • Listing interfaces
        • Enabling/disabling an interface
        • Setting the MTU of an interface
        • Assigning an IP address to an interface
      • Interface configuration via configuration files
      • Using VLAN interfaces
        • Creating, configuring, and deleting VLAN interfaces
        • Use cases for VLAN interfaces
    • Routing as an End Host
    • Routing as a Router
    • Bridging (Switching)
      • Practical use case for bridging
      • Creating and configuring Linux bridges
  • Automating Linux with bash Scripting
  • Evolving the Linux Kernel with eBPF and XDP
  • Summary
• 4. Cloud
  • Brief Definition of Cloud Computing
  • Networking Fundamentals in the Cloud
    • Cloud Networking Building Blocks
    • Cloud Network Topologies
      • A small cloud network topology
      • A medium cloud network topology
      • A large cloud network topology
      • A hybrid cloud network topology
    • Network Automation in the Cloud
      • Using the cloud providers APIs
      • Using the cloud providers CLI tool
      • Using a tool purpose-built for automating the cloud
  • Containers
    • What Do Containers Have to Do with the Cloud?
    • What Do Containers Have to Do with Networking?
    • Extending Linux Networking for Containers
      • Linux network namespaces
      • Virtual Ethernet interfaces
      • IP masquerading
  • Kubernetes
    • Key Kubernetes Concepts
    • Building Blocks of Networking in Kubernetes
      • Pods
      • Services
      • Ingresses
      • Other networking constructs
      • Container Network Interface
    • Service Mesh
  • Summary
• 5. Network Developer Environments
  • Text Editors
    • Syntax Highlighting
    • Customization
    • Intelligent Code Analysis
    • Text Editors Versus Integrated Development Environments
  • Development Tools
    • Virtualenv
    • Make
    • Docker
    • dyff
  • Emulation/Simulation Tools
    • VirtualBox
    • Vagrant
    • Containerlab
    • Other Tools
  • Summary
• 6. Python
  • Should Network Engineers Learn to Code?
  • Using the Python Interactive Interpreter
  • Understanding Python Data Types
    • Strings
      • Using built-in methods of strings
        • Using the upper() and lower() methods
        • Using the startswith() and endswith() methods
        • Using the strip() method
        • Using the isdigit() method
        • Using the count() method
        • Using the format() method
        • Using the join() and split() methods
    • Numbers
    • Booleans
    • Lists
      • Using built-in methods of Python lists
        • Using the append() method
        • Using the insert() method
        • Using the count() method
        • Using the pop() and index() methods
        • Using the sort() method
    • Python Dictionaries
      • Using built-in methods of Python dictionaries
        • Using the get() method
        • Using the keys() and values() methods
        • Using the pop() method
        • Using the update() method
        • Using the items() method
    • Sets and Tuples
  • Adding Conditional Logic to Your Code
  • Understanding Containment
  • Using Loops in Python
    • The while Loop
    • The for Loop
      • Using the enumerate() function
      • Flow control within loops
  • Using Python Functions
  • Working with Files
    • Reading from a File
    • Writing to a File
  • Creating Python Programs
    • Creating a Basic Python Script
    • Using Comments in Python
      • Understanding the shebang
    • Migrating Code from the Python Interpreter to a Python Script
  • Working with Python Modules
    • Documenting Functions
  • Passing Arguments into a Python Script
  • Using pip and Installing Python Packages
    • Isolating Your Dependencies with Virtualenv
  • Understanding Python Classes
    • Using Classes
    • Building Your Own Classes
  • Embracing Failure with try/except
  • Parallelizing Your Python Programs
  • Summary
• 7. Go
  • Why Go?
    • Is Go Faster Than Python?
    • Is Go Harder than Python?
  • Fundamental Go Concepts
    • Types and Variables
      • Variables in Go
      • Static versus dynamic type systems
    • Flow Control
    • Collection Types
    • Functions
    • Structs
    • Methods
    • Interfaces
  • Advanced Concepts
    • Concurrency
    • Generics
  • Packages and Modules
    • Standard Library Packages
      • strings
      • strconv
      • regexp
      • encoding
      • net
      • time
      • os
    • Third-Party Modules and Packages
  • Summary
• 8. Data Formats and Models
  • Benefits and Fundamentals of Structured Data Formats
    • When Structured Data Isnt Available: Screen Scraping
    • Types of Data
    • Documents Versus Data
    • Categories of Data Formats
  • Text-Based Data Formats
    • YAML
      • Working with YAML in Python
    • XML
      • Working with XML in Python
    • JSON
      • Working with JSON in Python
  • Binary Data Formats
    • Protocol Buffers
      • Protobuf definitions
      • Protobuf tooling and code generation
    • Other Binary Data Formats
  • Data Modeling
    • YANG
    • JSON Schema
    • XML Schema Definition
    • Modeling and Validating Protocol Buffers
  • Summary
• 9. Templates
  • The Rise of Modern Template Languages
    • Using Templates for Web Development
    • Expanding On the Use of Templates
  • The Value of Templates in Network Automation
  • Jinja
    • Rendering a Jinja Template File in Python
    • Using Conditionals and Loops
      • Using conditional logic to create a switchport configuration
      • Using a loop to create many switchport configurations
      • Using a loop and conditionals to create switchport configurations
      • Iterating over a dictionary to generate configurations
      • Generating interface configurations from a list of dictionaries
    • Using Jinja Filters
      • Using the upper Jinja filter
      • Chaining Jinja filters
      • Creating custom Jinja filters
    • Template Inheritance in Jinja
    • Variable Creation in Jinja
  • Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
  • Go Templates
  • Summary
• 10. Working with Network APIs
  • Understanding Network APIs
    • Getting Familiar with HTTP-Based APIs
      • Understanding RESTful APIs
        • Understanding HTTP request types
        • Understanding HTTP response codes
      • Exploring HTTP-based APIs with cURL
        • Using the HTTP GET method to retrieve information
        • Using the HTTP POST method to create a new resource
      • Understanding non-RESTful HTTP-based APIs
    • Using NETCONF
      • Learning the NETCONF protocol stack
        • Transport
        • Messages
        • Operations
        • Content
      • Exploring NETCONF
        • NETCONF with Junos
        • NETCONF with Cisco IOS XE
    • Using RESTCONF
      • Exploring RESTCONF in Cisco IOS XE
        • Updating configuration via RESTCONF
        • Understanding the YANG PATCH HTTP operation
        • Discovering RESTCONF operations
    • Using gRPC and gNMI
      • Understanding gRPC
      • A gRPC example
        • Running a gRPC server in Go
        • Running a gRPC client in Python
      • Understanding the gNMI interface
      • Exploring gNMI with gNMIc
        • gNMI GetRequest
        • gNMI SetRequest
        • gNMI Subscribe
    • Comparing NETCONF, RESTCONF, and gNMI
      • Network interfaces development lifecycle
      • Understanding model-driven telemetry
  • Using Network APIs for Automation
    • The Python Requests Library
      • Automating the Meraki API with Requests
      • Consuming eAPI in a Python script
        • Using eAPI to autoconfigure interface descriptions based on LLDP data
      • Using API SDKs
        • Exploring the Meraki API SDK
    • The Go net/http Package
      • Using net/http with RESTCONF
      • Updating configuration via RESTCONF with net/http
    • The Python ncclient Library
      • Understanding the Manager object
      • Retrieving Juniper vMX device configurations with ncclient
        • Using findall() to retrieve multiple XML objects
      • Making Junos vMX configuration changes with ncclient
        • Performing NETCONF delete/replace operations with the ncclient
      • Using ncclient with Cisco IOS XE
      • Understanding vendor-specific NETCONF operations
    • The OpenConfig gNMIc Go Package
      • Using OpenConfig gNMIc to perform a gNMI Get operation
      • Using OpenConfig gNMIc to perform a gNMI Set operation
      • Using OpenConfig gNMIc to subscribe to events
    • The Netmiko Python Library
      • Verifying the device prompt
      • Entering configuration mode
      • Sending commands
      • Empowering Netmiko with TextFSM and NTC Templates
  • Summary
• 11. Source Control with Git
  • Use Cases for Source Control
  • Benefits of Source Control
    • Change Tracking
    • Accountability
    • Process and Workflow
  • Benefits of Source Control for Networking
  • Enter Git
    • Brief History of Git
    • Git Terminology
    • Overview of Gits Architecture
  • Working with Git
    • Installing Git
    • Creating a Repository
    • Adding Files to a Repository
    • Committing Changes to a Repository
      • Providing user information to Git
      • Committing changes
      • Recommendations for committing changes
      • Amending commits
    • Changing and Committing Tracked Files
    • Unstaging Files
    • Excluding Files from a Repository
      • Excluding files per repository
      • Excluding files globally
    • Viewing More Information About a Repository
      • Viewing basic log information
      • Viewing brief log information
      • Drilling into information on specific commits
    • Distilling Differences Between Versions of Files
      • Examining differences between commits
      • Viewing other types of differences
    • Tagging Commits in Git
  • Branching in Git
    • Renaming the Default Branch
    • Creating a Branch
    • Checking Out a Branch
    • Stashing Uncommitted Changes
    • Merging and Deleting Branches
      • Reviewing fast-forward merges
      • Deleting a branch
      • Reviewing merges with a merge commit
      • Rebasing to avoid merge commits
  • Collaborating with Git
    • Collaborating Between Multiple Systems Running Git
      • Linking repositories with remotes
      • Fetching and merging information from remote repositories
      • Pulling information from remote repositories
      • Cloning repositories
      • Extending our working model across multiple systems
      • Using a shared repository
      • Pushing changes to a shared repository
    • Collaborating via Git-Based Online Services
      • Forking repositories
      • Keeping forked repositories in sync
      • Creating pull requests
  • Summary
• 12. Automation Tools
  • Reviewing Automation Tools
  • Using Ansible
    • Discovering the Ansible Framework
    • Understanding How Ansible Works
      • Automating Linux servers
      • Automating network devices
    • Constructing an Inventory File
      • Working with inventory groups
      • Using nested groups in an inventory file
      • Using variables in Ansible
        • Managing group variables
        • Managing host variables
        • Understanding variable priority
        • Getting familiar with the all group
    • Executing an Ansible Playbook
      • Getting familiar with Ansible tasks and modules
      • Executing a playbook
    • Using Secrets
    • Using Variable Files
      • Group-based variable files
      • Host-based variable files
    • Writing Ansible Playbooks for Network Automation
      • Breaking down common core network modules
      • Creating and using configuration templates
        • Creating variable files
        • Creating Jinja templates
        • Generating network configuration files
      • Ensuring that a configuration exists
        • Understanding idempotency
        • Using the config module
        • Understanding check mode, verbosity, and limit
      • Filtering tasks with when
      • Gathering and viewing network data
        • Using the core facts modules
        • Using the debug module
      • Issuing show commands and writing data to a file
        • Using the register task attribute
      • Performing compliance checks
      • Generating reports
    • Using Third-Party Collections and Modules
      • Getting familiar with NAPALM modules
      • Getting familiar with NTC modules
      • Installing third-party collections and modules
    • Ansible Summary
  • Automating with Nornir
    • Getting Started with Nornir
      • Initializing Nornir
      • Defining the inventory
        • host_file
        • group_file
      • Executing tasks
      • Extending Nornir with plug-ins
    • Using NAPALM with Nornir
      • Understanding NAPALM
      • Retrieving operational data with NAPALM
      • Configuration management at scale
    • Nornir Summary
  • Managing Dynamic Infrastructure with Terraform
    • Understanding Terraform Architecture
      • Terraform configuration language
      • Terraform in a nutshell
      • Terraform workflow
    • Provisioning Your First Resource with Terraform
      • Setting up an AWS free account
      • Using Terraform providers
      • Validating the Terraform syntax
      • Initializing the Terraform environment
      • Getting insights into Terraform changes
      • Applying the Terraform configuration
      • Understanding Terraform state
      • Remediating Terraform state
      • Cleaning up infrastructure with Terraform
    • Extending Terraform Execution
      • Adding resource dependencies
      • Handling data validation
      • Using Terraform functions
      • Creating multiple resources in a loop
    • Managing Terraform at Scale
      • Using data sources to get data from nonmanaged infrastructure
      • Using Terraform variables
      • Defining variables programmatically
      • Using workspaces
      • Using modules to improve reusability
    • Terraform Out of Its Comfort Zone
      • Using Terraform provisioners
      • Using Terraform to manage network devices
    • Terraform Summary
  • Summary
• 13. Continuous Integration
  • Important Prerequisites
    • Simple Is Better
    • People, Process, and Technology
    • Learn to Code
  • Introduction to Continuous Integration
    • Basics of Continuous Integration
    • Continuous Delivery
    • Test-Driven Development
    • Why Continuous Integration for Networking?
  • A Continuous Integration Pipeline for Networking
    • Peer Review
    • Build Automation
    • Deployment Validation and Testing
    • Test/Dev/Staging Environment
    • Deployment Tools and Strategies
  • Summary
• 14. Network Automation Architecture
  • Introducing the Network Automation Architecture
  • Overview of the Architecture Components
    • User Interactions
      • Graphical user interfaces
        • IT service management
        • Dashboards
        • ChatOps
      • Text-based interactions
      • Documentation and reporting
    • Source of Truth
      • Data quality
      • Data use cases
        • Network inventory
        • Data center infrastructure management
        • IP address management
        • Network properties
        • Configuration templates
      • Data modeling
        • A structured approach
        • Data modeling example
      • Data Persistence
        • Version control systems
        • Databases
        • When to use Git or a database
      • Data population
        • Brownfield environments
        • Greenfield environments
      • Distributed source of truth
    • Automation Engine
      • Configuration management
        • Configuration backup
        • Configuration rendering
        • Configuration compliance
        • Configuration deployment
      • Operations
    • Telemetry and Observability
      • Operational state data
        • Metrics
        • Logs
        • Traces
        • Flows
        • Packet capture
      • Options to collect network operational data
        • SNMP
        • Syslog and flow exporters
        • CLI
        • Model-driven telemetry
        • REST API
        • Network protocols
        • Synthetic monitoring
      • Telemetry and observability stack
      • Collector
      • SoT enrichment
      • Data distribution and processing
      • Storage
      • Visualization
      • Alerting
    • Orchestration
      • Event-driven automation
  • Understanding the Architecture with an Example
    • Determine the Operations Workflow
    • Translate the Workflow Steps to Automated Tasks
    • Map the Automated Tasks to Architecture Components
    • Choose the Tools to Implement Each Components Tasks
  • Summary
• Index

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