Mastering the Lightning Network

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• Preface
  • Intended Audience
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Code Examples
  • Using Code Examples
  • References to Companies and Products
  • Addresses and Transactions in This Book
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
    • Contacting Andreas
    • Contacting René
    • Contacting Olaoluwa Osuntokun
  • Acknowledgments by Andreas
  • Acknowledgments by René
  • Acknowledgments by Olaoluwa Osuntokun
  • Contributions
  • Sources
• I. Understanding the Lightning Network
• 1. Introduction
  • Lightning Network Basic Concepts
  • Trust in Decentralized Networks
  • Fairness Without Central Authority
    • Trusted Protocols Without Intermediaries
    • A Fairness Protocol in Action
    • Security Primitives as Building Blocks
    • Example of the Fairness Protocol
  • Motivation for the Lightning Network
    • Scaling Blockchains
  • The Lightning Networks Defining Features
  • Lightning Network Use Cases, Users, and Their Stories
  • Conclusion
• 2. Getting Started
  • Alices First Lightning Wallet
  • Lightning Nodes
  • Lightning Explorers
  • Lightning Wallets
    • Testnet Bitcoin
  • Balancing Complexity and Control
  • Downloading and Installing a Lightning Wallet
  • Creating a New Wallet
    • Responsibility with Key Custody
    • Mnemonic Words
    • Storing the Mnemonic Safely
  • Loading Bitcoin onto the Wallet
    • Acquiring Bitcoin
    • Receiving Bitcoin
  • From Bitcoin to Lightning Network
    • Lightning Network Channels
    • Opening a Lightning Channel
  • Buying a Cup of Coffee Using the Lightning Network
    • Bobs Cafe
    • A Lightning Invoice
  • Conclusion
• 3. How the Lightning Network Works
  • What Is a Payment Channel?
  • Payment Channel Basics
  • Routing Payments Across Channels
  • Payment Channels
    • Multisignature Address
    • Funding Transaction
      • Example of a poor channel opening procedure
    • Commitment Transaction
    • Cheating with Prior State
    • Announcing the Channel
    • Closing the Channel
      • Mutual close (the good way)
      • Force close (the bad way)
      • Protocol breach (the ugly way)
  • Invoices
    • Payment Hash and Preimage
    • Additional Metadata
  • Delivering the Payment
    • The Peer-to-Peer Gossip Protocol
    • Pathfinding and Routing
  • Source-Based Pathfinding
    • Onion Routing
    • Payment Forwarding Algorithm
  • Peer-to-Peer Communication Encryption
  • Thoughts About Trust
  • Comparison with Bitcoin
    • Addresses Versus Invoices, Transactions Versus Payments
    • Selecting Outputs Versus Finding a Path
    • Change Outputs on Bitcoin Versus No Change on Lightning
    • Mining Fees Versus Routing Fees
    • Varying Fees Depending on Traffic Versus Announced Fees
    • Public Bitcoin Transactions Versus Private Lightning Payments
    • Waiting for Confirmations Versus Instant Settlement
    • Sending Arbitrary Amounts Versus Capacity Restrictions
    • Incentives for Large Value Payment Versus Small Value Payments
    • Using the Blockchain as a Ledger Versus as a Court System
    • Offline Versus Online, Asynchronous Versus Synchronous
    • Satoshis Versus Millisatoshis
  • Commonality of Bitcoin and Lightning
    • Monetary Unit
    • Irreversibility and Finality of Payments
    • Trust and Counterparty Risk
    • Permissionless Operation
    • Open Source and Open System
  • Conclusion
• 4. Lightning Node Software
  • Lightning Development Environment
    • Using the Command Line
    • Downloading the Book Repository
  • Docker Containers
  • Bitcoin Core and Regtest
    • Building the Bitcoin Core Container
      • Interacting with the bitcoin core container
  • The c-lightning Lightning Node Project
    • Building c-lightning as a Docker Container
    • Setting Up a Docker Network
    • Running the bitcoind and c-lightning Containers
    • Installing c-lightning from Source Code
    • Installing Prerequisite Libraries and Packages
    • Copying the c-lightning Source Code
    • Compiling the c-lightning Source Code
  • The Lightning Network Daemon Node Project
    • The LND Docker Container
    • Running the bitcoind and LND Containers
    • Installing LND from Source Code
    • Copying the LND Source Code
    • Compiling the LND Source Code
  • The Eclair Lightning Node Project
    • The Eclair Docker Container
    • Running the bitcoind and Eclair Containers
    • Installing Eclair from Source Code
    • Copying the Eclair Source Code
    • Compiling the Eclair Source Code
  • Building a Complete Network of Diverse Lightning Nodes
    • Using docker-compose to Orchestrate Docker Containers
    • docker-compose Configuration
    • Starting the Example Lightning Network
    • Opening Channels and Routing a Payment
  • Conclusion
• 5. Operating a Lightning Network Node
  • Choosing Your Platform
    • Why Is Reliability Important for Running a Lightning Node?
    • Types of Hardware Lightning Nodes
    • Running in the Cloud
    • Running a Node at Home
    • What Hardware Is Required to Run a Lightning Node?
    • Switching Server Configuration in the Cloud
      • Permanent data storage (drive)
  • Using an Installer or Helper
    • RaspiBlitz
    • Mynode
    • Umbrel
    • BTCPay Server
    • Bitcoin Node or Lightweight Lightning
    • Operating System Choice
  • Choose Your Lightning Node Implementation
  • Installing a Bitcoin or Lightning Node
    • Background Services
    • Process Isolation
    • Node Startup
    • Node Configuration
    • Network Configuration
      • It just works!
      • Automatic port forwarding using UPnP
      • Using Tor for incoming connections
      • Manual port forwarding
  • Security of Your Node
    • Operating System Security
    • Node Access
  • Node and Channel Backups
    • Hot Wallet Risk
    • Sweeping Funds
      • On-chain sweep
      • Off-chain sweep
      • Submarine swap sweep
      • Submarine swaps with Loop
  • Lightning Node Uptime and Availability
    • Tolerate Faults and Automate
    • Monitoring Node Availability
    • Watchtowers
  • Channel Management
    • Opening Outbound Channels
      • Autopilot
    • Getting Inbound Liquidity
    • Closing Channels
    • Rebalancing Channels
  • Routing Fees
  • Node Management
    • Ride The Lightning
    • lndmon
    • ThunderHub
  • Conclusion
• II. The Lightning Network in Detail
• 6. Lightning Network Architecture
  • The Lightning Network Protocol Suite
  • Lightning in Detail
• 7. Payment Channels
  • A Different Way of Using the Bitcoin System
  • Bitcoin Ownership and Control
    • Diversity of (Independent) Ownership and Multisig
    • Joint Ownership Without Independent Control
    • Preventing Locked and Un-Spendable Bitcoin
  • Constructing a Payment Channel
    • Node Private and Public Keys
    • Node Network Address
    • Node Identifiers
    • Connecting Nodes as Direct Peers
  • Constructing the Channel
    • Peer Protocol for Channel Management
    • Channel Establishment Message Flow
      • The open_channel message
      • The accept_channel message
    • The Funding Transaction
    • Generating a Multisignature Address
    • Constructing the Funding Transaction
    • Holding Signed Transactions Without Broadcasting
    • Refund Before Funding
    • Constructing the Presigned Refund Transaction
    • Chaining Transactions Without Broadcasting
    • Solving Malleability (Segregated Witness)
      • The funding_created message
      • The funding_signed message
    • Broadcasting the Funding Transaction
      • The funding_locked message
  • Sending Payments Across the Channel
    • Splitting the Balance
    • Competing Commitments
    • Cheating with Old Commitment Transactions
    • Revoking Old Commitment Transactions
    • Asymmetric Commitment Transactions
    • Delayed (Timelocked) Spending to_self
    • Revocation Keys
  • The Commitment Transaction
  • Advancing the Channel State
    • The commitment_signed Message
    • The revoke_and_ack Message
    • Revoking and Recommitting
    • Cheating and Penalty in Practice
    • The Channel Reserve: Ensuring Skin in the Game
  • Closing the Channel (Cooperative Close)
    • The Shutdown Message
    • The closing_signed Message
    • The Cooperative Close Transaction
  • Conclusion
• 8. Routing on a Network of Payment Channels
  • Routing a Payment
  • Routing Versus Pathfinding
  • Creating a Network of Payment Channels
  • A Physical Example of Routing
  • Fairness Protocol
    • Implementing Atomic Trustless Multihop Payments
  • Revisiting the Tipping Example
    • On-Chain Versus Off-Chain Settlement of HTLCs
  • Hash Time-Locked Contracts
    • HTLCs in Bitcoin Script
    • Payment Preimage and Hash Verification
    • Extending HTLCs from Alice to Dina
    • Back-Propagating the Secret
    • Signature Binding: Preventing Theft of HTLCs
    • Hash Optimization
    • HTLC Cooperative and Timeout Failure
    • Decrementing Timelocks
  • Conclusion
• 9. Channel Operation and Payment Forwarding
  • Local (Single Channel) Versus Routed (Multiple Channels)
  • Forwarding Payments and Updating Commitments with HTLCs
    • HTLC and Commitment Message Flow
  • Forwarding Payments with HTLCs
    • Adding an HTLC
    • The update_add_HTLC Message
    • HTLC in Commitment Transactions
    • New Commitment with HTLC Output
    • Alice Commits
    • Bob Acknowledges New Commitment and Revokes Old One
    • Bob Commits
  • Multiple HTLCs
  • HTLC Fulfillment
    • HTLC Propagation
    • Dina Fulfills the HTLC with Chan
    • Bob Settles the HTLC with Alice
  • Removing an HTLC Due to Error or Expiry
  • Making a Local Payment
  • Conclusion
• 10. Onion Routing
  • A Physical Example Illustrating Onion Routing
    • Selecting a Path
    • Building the Layers
    • Peeling the Layers
  • Introduction to Onion Routing of HTLCs
    • Alice Selects the Path
    • Alice Constructs the Payloads
      • Final node payload for Dina
      • Hop payload for Chan
      • Hop payload for Bob
      • Finished hop payloads
    • Key Generation
      • Alices session key
      • Key generation details
      • Shared secret generation
  • Wrapping the Onion Layers
    • Fixed-Length Onions
    • Wrapping the Onion (Outlined)
    • Wrapping Dinas Hop Payload
      • Onion routing replay protection and detection
    • Wrapping Chans Hop Payload
    • Wrapping Bobs Hop Payload
    • The Final Onion Packet
  • Sending the Onion
    • The update_add_htlc Message
    • Alice Sends the Onion to Bob
    • Bob Checks the Onion
    • Bob Generates Filler
    • Bob De-Obfuscates His Hop Payload
    • Bob Extracts the Outer HMAC for the Next Hop
    • Bob Removes His Payload and Left-Shifts the Onion
    • Bob Constructs the New Onion Packet
    • Bob Verifies the HTLC Details
    • Bob Sends the update_add_htlc to Chan
    • Chan Forwards the Onion
    • Dina Receives the Final Payload
  • Returning Errors
    • Failure Messages
      • Stuck payments
  • Keysend Spontaneous Payments
    • Custom Onion TLV Records
    • Sending and Receiving Keysend Payments
    • Keysend and Custom Records in Lightning Applications
  • Conclusion
• 11. Gossip and the Channel Graph
  • Peer Discovery
    • P2P Bootstrapping
    • DNS Bootstrapping
      • A new peers bootstrapping workflow
    • SRV Query Options
  • The Channel Graph
    • A Directed Graph
  • Gossip Protocol Messages
    • The node_announcement Message
      • The node_announcement message structure
      • Validating node announcements
    • The channel_announcement Message
      • Unannounced (private) channels
      • Locating a channel on the bitcoin blockchain
      • The short channel ID
      • The channel_announcement message structure
      • Channel announcement validation
    • The channel_update Message
  • Ongoing Channel Graph Maintenance
  • Conclusion
• 12. Pathfinding and Payment Delivery
  • Pathfinding in the Lightning Protocol Suite
    • Where Is the BOLT?
  • Pathfinding: What Problem Are We Solving?
    • Selecting the Best Path
    • Pathfinding in Math and Computer Science
    • Capacity, Balance, Liquidity
    • Uncertainty of Balances
    • Pathfinding Complexity
    • Keeping It Simple
  • Pathfinding and Payment Delivery Process
  • Channel Graph Construction
    • Uncertainty in the channel graph
    • Liquidity Uncertainty and Probability
    • Fees and Other Channel Metrics
  • Finding Candidate Paths
  • Payment Delivery (Trial-and-Error Loop)
    • First Attempt (Path #1)
      • Learning from failure
    • Second Attempt (Path #4)
      • Learning from success
      • Stale knowledge?
  • Multipart Payments
    • Using MPP
      • Splitting payments
    • Trial and Error over Multiple Rounds
  • Conclusion
• 13. Wire Protocol: Framing and Extensibility
  • Messaging Layer in the Lightning Protocol Suite
  • Wire Framing
    • High-Level Wire Framing
    • Type Encoding
  • Type-Length-Value Message Extensions
    • The Protocol Buffers Message Format
    • Forward and Backward Compatibility
  • Type-Length-Value Format
    • BigSize Integer Encoding
    • TLV Encoding Constraints
    • TLV Canonical Encoding
  • Feature Bits and Protocol Extensibility
    • Feature Bits as an Upgrade Discoverability Mechanism
    • TLV for Forward and Backward Compatibility
    • A Taxonomy of Upgrade Mechanisms
      • Internal network upgrades
      • End-to-end upgrades
    • Channel Construction-Level Updates
  • Conclusion
• 14. Lightnings Encrypted Message Transport
  • Encrypted Transport in the Lightning Protocol Suite
  • Introduction
  • The Channel Graph as Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure
  • Why Not TLS?
  • The Noise Protocol Framework
  • Lightning Encrypted Transport in Detail
    • Noise_XK: Lightning Networks Noise Handshake
    • Handshake Notation and Protocol Flow
    • High-Level Overview
    • Handshake in Three Acts
      • Handshake session state initialization
      • Handshake acts
        • Act One
        • Act Two
        • Act Three
      • Transport message encryption
        • Encrypting and sending messages
        • Receiving and decrypting messages
      • Lightning message key rotation
  • Conclusion
• 15. Lightning Payment Requests
  • Invoices in the Lightning Protocol Suite
  • Introduction
  • Lightning Payment Requests Versus Bitcoin Addresses
  • BOLT #11: Lightning Payment Request Serialization and Interpretation
    • Payment Request Encoding in Practice
    • The Human-Readable Prefix
    • bech32 and the Data Segment
      • Tagged invoice fields
  • Conclusion
• 16. Security and Privacy of the Lightning Network
  • Why Is Privacy Important?
  • Definitions of Privacy
  • Process to Evaluate Privacy
  • Anonymity Set
  • Differences Between the Lightning Network and Bitcoin in Terms of Privacy
  • Attacks on Lightning
    • Observing Payment Amounts
    • Linking Senders and Receivers
    • Revealing Channel Balances (Probing)
    • Denial of Service
      • DoS in bitcoin
      • DoS in Lightning
      • Known DoS attacks
    • Commitment Jamming
    • Channel Liquidity Lockup
  • Cross-Layer De-Anonymization
    • On-Chain Bitcoin Entity Clustering
      • Countermeasures
    • Off-Chain Lightning Node Clustering
      • Countermeasures
    • Cross-Layer Linking: Lightning Nodes and Bitcoin Entities
  • Lightning Graph
    • How Does the Lightning Graph Look in Reality?
      • Lightning graph today
      • Topology-based attacks
      • Temporality of the Lightning Network
  • Centralization in the Lightning Network
  • Economic Incentives and Graph Structure
  • Practical Advice for Users to Protect Their Privacy
  • Unannounced Channels
  • Routing Considerations
    • Accepting Channels
  • Conclusion
  • References and Further Reading
    • Privacy and probing attacks
    • Congestion attacks
    • Routing considerations
• 17. Conclusion
  • Decentralized and Asynchronous Innovation
    • Bitcoin Protocol and Bitcoin Script Innovation
    • Lightning Protocol Innovation
    • TLV Extensibility
    • Payment Channel Construction
    • Opt-In End-to-End Features
  • Lightning Applications (LApps)
  • Ready, Set, Go!
• A. Bitcoin Fundamentals Review
  • Keys and Digital Signatures
    • Private and Public Keys
    • Hashes
    • Digital Signatures
    • Signature Types
  • Bitcoin Transactions
    • Inputs and Outputs
    • Transaction Chains
    • TxID: Transaction Identifiers
    • Outpoints: Output Identifiers
  • Bitcoin Script
    • Running Bitcoin Script
    • Locking and Unlocking Scripts
    • Locking to a Public Key (Signature)
    • Locking to a Hash (Secret)
    • Multisignature Scripts
    • Timelock Scripts
    • Scripts with Multiple Conditions
    • Using Flow Control in Scripts
• B. Docker Basic Installation and Use
  • Installing Docker
  • Basic Docker Commands
    • Building a Container
    • Running a Container
    • Executing a Command in a Container
    • Stopping and Starting a Container
    • Deleting a Container by Name
    • Listing Running Containers
    • Listing Docker Images
  • Conclusion
• C. Wire Protocol Messages
  • Message Types
  • Message Structure
    • Connection Establishment Messages
      • The init message
    • Error Communication Messages
      • The error message
    • Connection Liveness
      • The ping message
      • The pong message
    • Channel Funding
      • The open_channel message
      • The accept_channel message
      • The funding_created message
      • The funding_signed message
      • The funding_locked message
    • Channel Closing
      • The shutdown message
      • The closing_signed message
    • Channel Operation
      • The update_add_htlc message
      • The update_fulfill_hltc message
      • The update_fail_htlc message
      • The commitment_signed message
      • The revoke_and_ack message
      • The update_fee message
      • The update_fail_malformed_htlc message
    • Channel Announcement
      • The channel_announcement message
      • The node_announcement message
      • The channel_update message
      • The announce_signatures message
    • Channel Graph Syncing
      • The query_short_chan_ids message
      • The reply_short_chan_ids_end message
      • The query_channel_range message
      • The reply_channel_range message
      • The gossip_timestamp_range message
• D. Sources and License Notices
  • Sources
  • BTCPay Server
  • Lamassu Industries AG
• Glossary
• Index

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