CSS: The Definitive Guide. Visual Presentation for the Web. 4th Edition

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• Preface
  • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Value Syntax Conventions
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Safari
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
    • Eric Meyer
    • Estelle Weyl
• 1. CSS and Documents
  • A Brief History of (Web) Style
  • Elements
    • Replaced and Nonreplaced Elements
      • Replaced elements
      • Nonreplaced elements
    • Element Display Roles
      • Block-level elements
      • Inline-level elements
  • Bringing CSS and HTML Together
    • The link Tag
      • Attributes
      • Alternate stylesheets
    • The style Element
    • The @import Directive
    • HTTP Linking
    • Inline Styles
  • Stylesheet Contents
    • Markup
    • Rule Structure
    • Vendor prefixing
    • Whitespace Handling
    • CSS Comments
  • Media Queries
    • Usage
    • Simple Media Queries
    • Media Types
    • Media Descriptors
    • Media Feature Descriptors and Value Types
  • Feature Queries
  • Summary
• 2. Selectors
  • Basic Style Rules
    • Element Selectors
    • Declarations and Keywords
  • Grouping
    • Grouping Selectors
      • The universal selector
    • Grouping Declarations
    • Grouping Everything
    • New Elements in Old Browsers
  • Class and ID Selectors
    • Class Selectors
    • Multiple Classes
    • ID Selectors
    • Deciding Between Class and ID
  • Attribute Selectors
    • Simple Attribute Selectors
    • Selection Based on Exact Attribute Value
    • Selection Based on Partial Attribute Values
    • A Particular Attribute Selection Type
      • Matching one word in a space-separated list
      • Matching a substring within an attribute value
      • Matching a substring at the beginning of an attribute value
      • Matching a substring at the end of an attribute value
    • The Case Insensitivity Identifier
  • Using Document Structure
    • Understanding the Parent-Child Relationship
    • Descendant Selectors
    • Selecting Children
    • Selecting Adjacent Sibling Elements
    • Selecting Following Siblings
  • Pseudo-Class Selectors
    • Combining Pseudo-Classes
    • Structural Pseudo-Classes
      • Selecting the root element
      • Selecting empty elements
      • Selecting unique children
      • Selecting first and last children
      • Selecting first and last of a type
      • Selecting every nth child
      • Selecting every nth of a type
    • Dynamic Pseudo-Classes
      • Hyperlink pseudo-classes
      • User action pseudo-classes
      • Real-world issues with dynamic styling
    • UI-State Pseudo-Classes
      • Enabled and disabled UI elements
      • Check states
      • Default option pseudo-class
      • Optionality pseudo-classes
      • Validity pseudo-classes
      • Range pseudo-classes
      • Mutability pseudo-classes
    • The :target Pseudo-Class
    • The :lang Pseudo-Class
    • The Negation Pseudo-Class
  • Pseudo-Element Selectors
    • Styling the First Letter
    • Styling the First Line
    • Restrictions on ::first-letter and ::first-line
    • Styling (or Creating) Content Before and After Elements
  • Summary
• 3. Specificity and the Cascade
  • Specificity
    • Declarations and Specificity
    • Universal Selector Specificity
    • ID and Attribute Selector Specificity
    • Inline Style Specificity
    • Importance
  • Inheritance
  • The Cascade
    • Sorting by Weight and Origin
    • Sorting by Specificity
    • Sorting by Order
    • Non-CSS Presentational Hints
  • Summary
• 4. Values and Units
  • Keywords, Strings, and Other Text Values
    • Keywords
      • Global keywords
        • inherit
        • initial
        • unset
    • Strings
    • URLs
    • Images
    • Identifiers
  • Numbers and Percentages
    • Integers
    • Numbers
    • Percentages
    • Fractions
  • Distances
    • Absolute Length Units
      • Pixel lengths
      • Pixel theory
    • Resolution Units
    • Relative Length Units
      • em and ex units
      • The rem unit
      • The ch unit
      • Viewport-relative units
  • Calculation values
  • Attribute Values
  • Color
    • Named Colors
    • Colors by RGB and RGBa
      • Functional RGB colors
      • RGBa colors
      • Hexadecimal RGB colors
      • Hexadecimal RGBa colors
    • Colors by HSL and HSLa
    • Color Keywords
  • Angles
  • Time and Frequency
  • Position
  • Custom Values
• 5. Fonts
  • Font Families
    • Using Generic Font Families
    • Specifying a Font Family
      • Using quotation marks
  • Using @font-face
    • Required Descriptors
      • On being bulletproof
    • Other Font Descriptors
      • Restricting character range
    • Combining Descriptors
  • Font Weights
    • How Weights Work
    • Getting Bolder
    • Lightening Weights
    • The font-weight descriptor
  • Font Size
    • Absolute Sizes
    • Relative Sizes
    • Percentages and Sizes
    • Font Size and Inheritance
      • Rounding for display
      • Keywords and monospace text
    • Using Length Units
    • Automatically Adjusting Size
  • Font Style
    • The font-style Descriptor
  • Font Stretching
    • The font-stretch Descriptor
  • Font Kerning
  • Font Variants
    • Level 3 Values
      • The font-variant descriptor
  • Font Features
    • The font-feature-settings Descriptor
  • Font Synthesis
  • The font Property
    • Adding the Line Height
    • Using Shorthands Properly
    • Using System Fonts
  • Font Matching
  • Summary
• 6. Text Properties
  • Indentation and Inline Alignment
    • Indenting Text
    • Text Alignment
      • Start and end alignment
      • Justified text
      • Parent matching
    • Aligning the Last Line
  • Inline Alignment
    • The Height of Lines
      • Constructing a line
      • Assigning values to line-height
      • Line-height and inheritance
    • Vertically Aligning Text
      • Baseline alignment
      • Superscripting and subscripting
      • Bottom feeding
      • Getting on top
      • In the middle
      • Percentages
      • Length alignment
  • Word Spacing and Letter Spacing
    • Word Spacing
    • Letter Spacing
    • Spacing and Alignment
  • Text Transformation
  • Text Decoration
    • Weird Decorations
  • Text Rendering
  • Text Shadows
  • Handling Whitespace
    • Setting Tab Sizes
  • Wrapping and Hyphenation
    • Wrapping Text
  • Writing Modes
    • Setting Writing Modes
    • Changing Text Orientation
    • Declaring Direction
  • Summary
• 7. Basic Visual Formatting
  • Basic Boxes
    • A Quick Refresher
    • The Containing Block
  • Altering Element Display
    • Changing Roles
    • Block Boxes
    • Horizontal Formatting
    • Horizontal Properties
    • Using auto
    • More Than One auto
    • Negative Margins
    • Percentages
    • Replaced Elements
    • Vertical Formatting
    • Vertical Properties
    • Percentage Heights
    • Auto Heights
    • Collapsing Vertical Margins
    • Negative Margins and Collapsing
    • List Items
  • Inline Elements
    • Line Layout
    • Basic Terms and Concepts
    • Inline Formatting
    • Inline Nonreplaced Elements
    • Building the Boxes
    • Vertical Alignment
    • Managing the line-height
      • Baselines and line heights
    • Scaling Line Heights
    • Adding Box Properties
    • Changing Breaking Behavior
    • Glyphs Versus Content Area
    • Inline Replaced Elements
    • Adding Box Properties
    • Replaced Elements and the Baseline
    • Inline-Block Elements
    • Flow Display
    • Contents Display
    • Other Display Values
    • Computed Values
  • Summary
• 8. Padding, Borders, Outlines, and Margins
  • Basic Element Boxes
    • Width and Height
  • Padding
    • Replicating Values
    • Single-Side Padding
    • Percentage Values and Padding
    • Padding and Inline Elements
    • Padding and Replaced Elements
  • Borders
    • Borders with Style
      • Multiple styles
      • Single-side styles
    • Border Widths
      • No border at all
    • Border Colors
      • Transparent borders
    • Shorthand Border Properties
    • Global Borders
    • Borders and Inline Elements
    • Rounding Border Corners
      • More complex corner shaping
      • Corner blending
      • Individual rounding properties
    • Image Borders
      • Loading and slicing a border image
      • Altering the image widths
      • Creating a border overhang
      • Altering the repeat pattern
      • Shorthand border image
      • Some examples
  • Outlines
    • Outline Styles
    • Outline Width
    • Outline Color
      • The only outline shorthand
    • How They Are Different
  • Margins
    • Length Values and Margins
    • Percentages and Margins
    • Single-Side Margin Properties
    • Margin Collapsing
    • Negative Margins
    • Margins and Inline Elements
  • Summary
• 9. Colors, Backgrounds, and Gradients
  • Colors
    • Foreground Colors
    • Affecting Borders
    • Affecting Form Elements
    • Inheriting Color
  • Backgrounds
    • Background Colors
      • Special effects
    • Clipping the Background
    • Background Images
      • Using an image
      • Why backgrounds arent inherited
      • Good background practices
    • Background Positioning
      • Keywords
      • Percentage values
      • Length values
      • Negative values
      • Changing the offset edges
    • Changing the Positioning Box
    • Background Repeating (or Lack Thereof)
      • Repeating and positioning
      • Spacing and rounding
      • Tiling and clipping
    • Getting Attached
      • Interesting effects
    • Sizing Background Images
      • Covering and containing
    • Bringing It All Together
    • Multiple Backgrounds
      • Filling in missing values
  • Gradients
    • Linear Gradients
      • Gradient colors
      • Positioning color stops
      • Setting color hints
      • Gradient lines: the gory details
    • Radial Gradients
      • Shape and size
      • Positioning radial gradients
      • Radial color stops and the gradient ray
      • Degenerate cases
    • Manipulating Gradient Images
    • Repeating Gradients
      • Average gradient colors
  • Box Shadows
  • Summary
• 10. Floating and Shapes
  • Floating
    • Floated Elements
      • No floating at all
    • Floating: The Details
    • Applied Behavior
      • Negative margins
    • Floats, Content, and Overlapping
  • Clearing
  • Float Shapes
    • Creating a Shape
      • Inset shapes
      • Circles and ellipses
      • Polygons
    • Shaping with Image Transparency
    • Adding a Shape Margin
  • Summary
• 11. Positioning
  • Basic Concepts
    • Types of Positioning
    • The Containing Block
  • Offset Properties
  • Width and Height
    • Setting Width and Height
    • Limiting Width and Height
  • Content Overflow and Clipping
    • Overflow
  • Element Visibility
  • Absolute Positioning
    • Containing Blocks and Absolutely Positioned Elements
    • Placement and Sizing of Absolutely Positioned Elements
    • Auto-edges
    • Placing and Sizing Nonreplaced Elements
    • Placing and Sizing Replaced Elements
    • Placement on the Z-Axis
  • Fixed Positioning
  • Relative Positioning
  • Sticky Positioning
  • Summary
• 12. Flexible Box Layout
  • Flexbox Fundamentals
    • A Simple Example
  • Flex Containers
    • The flex-direction Property
    • Other Writing Directions
    • Wrapping Flex Lines
    • Defining Flexible Flows
      • Understanding axes
    • flex-wrap Continued
  • Arranging Flex Items
  • Flex Container
  • Justifying Content
    • justify-content Examples
  • Aligning Items
    • Start, End, and Center Alignment
    • Baseline Alignment
    • Additional Notes
  • The align-self Property
  • Aligning Content
    • Space between, around, and evenly
  • Flex Items
    • What Are Flex Items?
    • Flex Item Features
      • Absolute positioning
    • Minimum Widths
  • Flex-ItemSpecific Properties
  • The flex Property
  • The flex-grow Property
    • Growth Factors and the flex Property
  • The flex-shrink Property
    • Proportional Shrinkage Based on Width and Shrink Factor
    • Differing Bases
    • Responsive Flexing
  • The flex-basis Property
    • The content Keyword
    • Automatic Flex Basis
    • Default Values
    • Length Units
      • Percentage units
    • Zero Basis
  • The flex Shorthand
    • Common Flex Values
      • Flexing with initial
      • Flexing with auto
      • Preventing flexing with none
      • Numeric flexing
  • The order property
    • Tabbed Navigation Revisited
• 13. Grid Layout
  • Creating a Grid Container
  • Basic Grid Terminology
  • Placing Grid Lines
    • Fixed-Width Grid Tracks
    • Flexible Grid Tracks
      • Fractional units
      • Content-aware tracks
    • Fitting Track Contents
    • Repeating Grid Lines
      • Auto-filling tracks
    • Grid Areas
  • Attaching Elements to the Grid
    • Using Column and Row Lines
    • Row and Column Shorthands
    • The Implicit Grid
    • Error Handling
    • Using Areas
    • Grid Item Overlap
  • Grid Flow
  • Automatic Grid Lines
  • The grid Shorthand
    • Subgrids
  • Opening Grid Spaces
    • Grid Gutters (or Gaps)
    • Grid Items and the Box Model
  • Aligning and Grids
    • Aligning and Justifying Individual Items
    • Aligning and Justifying All Items
  • Layering and Ordering
  • Summary
• 14. Table Layout in CSS
  • Table Formatting
    • Visually Arranging a Table
      • Table arrangement rules
    • Table Display Values
      • Row primacy
      • Columns
    • Anonymous Table Objects
      • Object insertion rules
    • Table Layers
    • Captions
  • Table Cell Borders
    • Separated Cell Borders
      • Border spacing
      • Handling empty cells
    • Collapsing Cell Borders
      • Collapsing border layout
      • Border collapsing
  • Table Sizing
    • Width
      • Fixed layout
      • Automatic layout
    • Height
    • Alignment
  • Summary
• 15. Lists and Generated Content
  • Lists
    • Types of Lists
      • String markers
    • List Item Images
    • List-Marker Positions
    • List Styles in Shorthand
    • List Layout
  • Generated Content
    • Inserting Generated Content
    • Specifying Content
      • Inserting attribute values
      • Generated quotes
    • Counters
      • Resetting and incrementing
      • Using counters
      • Counters and scope
  • Defining Counting Patterns
    • Fixed Counting Patterns
    • Cyclic Counting Patterns
    • Symbolic Counting Patterns
    • Alphabetic Counting Patterns
    • Numeric Counting Patterns
    • Additive Counting Patterns
    • Extending Counting Patterns
    • Speaking Counting Patterns
  • Summary
• 16. Transforms
  • Coordinate Systems
  • Transforming
    • The Transform Functions
      • Translation functions
      • Scale functions
      • Rotation functions
      • Skew functions
      • The perspective function
      • Matrix functions
      • A note on end-state equivalence
  • More Transform Properties
    • Moving the Origin
    • Choosing a 3D Style
    • Changing Perspective
      • Defining a group perspective
      • Moving the perspectives origin
    • Dealing with Backfaces
  • Summary
• 17. Transitions
  • CSS Transitions
  • Transition Properties
    • Limiting Transition Effects by Property
      • Suppressing transitions via property limits
      • Transition events
    • Setting Transition Duration
    • Altering the Internal Timing of Transitions
      • Step timing
    • Delaying Transitions
      • Negative delay values
    • The transition Shorthand
  • In Reverse: Transitioning Back to Baseline
    • Reversing interrupted transitions
  • Animatable Properties and Values
    • How Property Values Are Interpolated
      • Interpolating repeating values
  • Fallbacks: Transitions Are Enhancements
  • Printing Transitions
• 18. Animation
  • Defining Keyframes
  • Setting Up Keyframe Animations
    • Naming Your Animation
  • Keyframe Selectors
    • Omitting from and to Values
    • Repeating Keyframe Properties
    • Animatable Properties
    • Nonanimatable Properties That Arent Ignored
    • Scripting @keyframes Animations
  • Animating Elements
    • Naming Animations
    • Defining Animation Lengths
    • Declaring Animation Iterations
    • Setting an Animation Direction
    • Delaying Animations
    • Animation Events
      • Animation chaining
      • Animation iteration delay
    • Changing the Internal Timing of Animations
      • Step timing functions
      • Adding a second animation
      • Animating the timing function
    • Setting the Animation Play State
    • Animation Fill Modes
  • Bringing It All Together
  • Animation, Specificity, and Precedence Order
    • Specificity and !important
    • Animation Order
    • Animation Iteration and display: none;
    • Animation and the UI Thread
  • Seizure and Vestibular Disorders
  • Animation Events and Prefixing
    • animationstart
    • animationend
    • animationiteration
  • Printing Animations
• 19. Filters, Blending, Clipping, and Masking
  • CSS Filters
    • Basic Filters
    • Color Filtering
    • Brightness, Contrast, and Saturation
    • SVG Filters
  • Compositing and Blending
    • Blending Elements
    • Darken, Lighten, Difference, and Exclusion
    • Multiply, Screen, and Overlay
    • Hard and Soft Light
    • Color Dodge and Burn
    • Hue, Saturation, Luminosity, and Color
  • Blending Backgrounds
    • Blending in Isolation
  • Clipping and Masking
    • Clipping
    • Clip Shapes
    • Clip Boxes
    • Clip Filling Rules
  • Masks
    • Defining a Mask
    • Changing the Masks Mode
    • Sizing and Repeating Masks
    • Positioning Masks
    • Clipping and Compositing Masks
    • Bringing It All Together
    • Mask Types
    • Border-image Masking
  • Object Fitting and Positioning
• 20. Media-Dependent Styles
  • Defining Media-Dependent Styles
    • Basic Media Queries
    • Complex Media Queries
      • Media feature descriptors
      • New value types
      • Responsive styling
  • Paged Media
    • Print Styles
      • Differences between screen and print
      • Defining the page size
      • Page margins and padding
      • Selecting page types
      • Page-breaking
      • Orphans and widows
      • Page-breaking behavior
      • Repeated elements
      • Elements outside the page
  • Summary
• A. Animatable Properties
• B. Basic Property Reference
• C. Color Equivalence Table
• Index

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