bash Cookbook. Solutions and Examples for bash Users. 2nd Edition Carl Albing, JP Vossen

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Spis treści książki

• Preface
  • Who Should Read This Book
  • About This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Safari
  • Wed Like to Hear from You
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Beginning bash
  • 1.1. Why bash?
  • 1.2. The bash Shell
  • 1.3. Decoding the Prompt
  • 1.4. Showing Where You Are
  • 1.5. Finding and Running Commands
  • 1.6. Getting Information About Files
  • 1.7. Showing All Hidden (Dot) Files in the Current Directory
  • 1.8. Using Shell Quoting
  • 1.9. Using or Replacing Builtins and External Commands
  • 1.10. Determining if You Are Running Interactively
  • 1.11. Setting bash as Your Default Shell
  • 1.12. Keeping bash Updated
  • 1.13. Getting bash for Linux
  • 1.14. Getting bash for xBSD
  • 1.15. Getting bash for macOS
  • 1.16. Getting bash for Unix
  • 1.17. Getting bash for Windows
  • 1.18. Getting bash Without Getting bash
  • 1.19. Learning More About bash Documentation
• 2. Standard Output
  • 2.1. Writing Output to the Terminal/Window
  • 2.2. Writing Output but Preserving Spacing
  • 2.3. Writing Output with More Formatting Control
  • 2.4. Writing Output Without the Newline
  • 2.5. Saving Output from a Command
  • 2.6. Saving Output to Other Files
  • 2.7. Saving Output from the ls Command
  • 2.8. Sending Output and Error Messages to Different Files
  • 2.9. Sending Output and Error Messages to the Same File
  • 2.10. Appending Rather than Clobbering Output
  • 2.11. Using Just the Beginning or End of a File
  • 2.12. Skipping a Header in a File
  • 2.13. Throwing Output Away
  • 2.14. Saving or Grouping Output from Several Commands
  • 2.15. Connecting Two Programs by Using Output as Input
  • 2.16. Saving a Copy of Output Even While Using It as Input
  • 2.17. Connecting Two Programs by Using Output as Arguments
  • 2.18. Using Multiple Redirects on One Line
  • 2.19. Saving Output When Redirect Doesnt Seem to Work
  • 2.20. Swapping STDERR and STDOUT
  • 2.21. Keeping Files Safe from Accidental Overwriting
  • 2.22. Clobbering a File on Purpose
• 3. Standard Input
  • 3.1. Getting Input from a File
  • 3.2. Keeping Your Data with Your Script
  • 3.3. Preventing Weird Behavior in a Here-Document
  • 3.4. Indenting Here-Documents
  • 3.5. Getting User Input
  • 3.6. Getting Yes or No Input
  • 3.7. Selecting from a List of Options
  • 3.8. Prompting for a Password
• 4. Executing Commands
  • 4.1. Running Any Executable
  • 4.2. Running Several Commands in Sequence
  • 4.3. Running Several Commands All at Once
  • 4.4. Telling Whether a Command Succeeded or Not
  • 4.5. Running a Command Only if Another Command Succeeded
  • 4.6. Using Fewer if Statements
  • 4.7. Running Long Jobs Unattended
  • 4.8. Displaying Error Messages When Failures Occur
  • 4.9. Running Commands from a Variable
  • 4.10. Running All Scripts in a Directory
• 5. Basic Scripting: Shell Variables
  • 5.1. Documenting Your Script
  • 5.2. Embedding Documentation in Shell Scripts
  • 5.3. Promoting Script Readability
  • 5.4. Separating Variable Names from Surrounding Text
  • 5.5. Exporting Variables
  • 5.6. Seeing All Variable Values
  • 5.7. Using Parameters in a Shell Script
  • 5.8. Looping Over Arguments Passed to a Script
  • 5.9. Handling Parameters with Spaces
  • 5.10. Handling Lists of Parameters with Spaces
  • 5.11. Counting Arguments
  • 5.12. Consuming Arguments
  • 5.13. Getting Default Values
  • 5.14. Setting Default Values
  • 5.15. Using null as a Valid Default Value
  • 5.16. Using More than Just a Constant String for Default
  • 5.17. Giving an Error Message for Unset Parameters
  • 5.18. Changing Pieces of a String
  • 5.19. Getting the Absolute Value of a Number
  • 5.20. Using bash for basename
  • 5.21. Using bash for dirname
  • 5.22. Using Alternate Values for Comma Separated Values
  • 5.23. Using Array Variables
  • 5.24. Converting Between Upper- and Lowercase
  • 5.25. Converting to Camel Case
• 6. Shell Logic and Arithmetic
  • 6.1. Doing Arithmetic in Your Shell Script
  • 6.2. Branching on Conditions
  • 6.3. Testing for File Characteristics
  • 6.4. Testing for More than One Thing
  • 6.5. Testing for String Characteristics
  • 6.6. Testing for Equality
  • 6.7. Testing with Pattern Matches
  • 6.8. Testing with Regular Expressions
  • 6.9. Changing Behavior with Redirections
  • 6.10. Looping for a While
  • 6.11. Looping with a read
  • 6.12. Looping with a Count
  • 6.13. Looping with Floating-Point Values
  • 6.14. Branching Many Ways
  • 6.15. Parsing Command-Line Arguments
  • 6.16. Creating Simple Menus
  • 6.17. Changing the Prompt on Simple Menus
  • 6.18. Creating a Simple RPN Calculator
  • 6.19. Creating a Command-Line Calculator
• 7. Intermediate Shell Tools I
  • 7.1. Sifting Through Files for a String
  • 7.2. Getting Just the Filename from a Search
  • 7.3. Getting a Simple True/False from a Search
  • 7.4. Searching for Text While Ignoring Case
  • 7.5. Doing a Search in a Pipeline
  • 7.6. Paring Down What the Search Finds
  • 7.7. Searching with More Complex Patterns
  • 7.8. Searching for an SSN
  • 7.9. Grepping Compressed Files
  • 7.10. Keeping Some Output, Discarding the Rest
  • 7.11. Keeping Only a Portion of a Line of Output
  • 7.12. Reversing the Words on Each Line
  • 7.13. Summing a List of Numbers
  • 7.14. Counting String Values with awk
  • 7.15. Counting String Values with bash
  • 7.16. Showing Data as a Quick and Easy Histogram
  • 7.17. An Easy Histogram with bash
  • 7.18. Showing a Paragraph of Text After a Found Phrase
• 8. Intermediate Shell Tools II
  • 8.1. Sorting Your Output
  • 8.2. Sorting Numbers
  • 8.3. Sorting IP Addresses
  • 8.4. Cutting Out Parts of Your Output
  • 8.5. Removing Duplicate Lines
  • 8.6. Compressing Files
  • 8.7. Uncompressing Files
  • 8.8. Checking a tar Archive for Unique Directories
  • 8.9. Translating Characters
  • 8.10. Converting Uppercase to Lowercase
  • 8.11. Converting DOS Files to Linux Format
  • 8.12. Removing Smart Quotes
  • 8.13. Counting Lines, Words, or Characters in a File
  • 8.14. Rewrapping Paragraphs
  • 8.15. Doing More with less
• 9. Finding Files: find, locate, slocate
  • 9.1. Finding All Your MP3 Files
  • 9.2. Handling Filenames Containing Odd Characters
  • 9.3. Speeding Up Operations on Found Files
  • 9.4. Finding Files Across Symbolic Links
  • 9.5. Finding Files Irrespective of Case
  • 9.6. Finding Files by Date
  • 9.7. Finding Files by Type
  • 9.8. Finding Files by Size
  • 9.9. Finding Files by Content
  • 9.10. Finding Existing Files and Content Fast
  • 9.11. Finding a File Using a List of Possible Locations
• 10. Additional Features for Scripting
  • 10.1. Daemon-izing Your Script
  • 10.2. Reusing Code with Includes and Sourcing
  • 10.3. Using Configuration Files in a Script
  • 10.4. Defining Functions
  • 10.5. Using Functions: Parameters and Return Values
  • 10.6. Trapping Interrupts
  • 10.7. Redefining Commands with alias
  • 10.8. Avoiding Aliases and Functions
  • 10.9. Counting Elapsed Time
  • 10.10. Writing Wrappers
• 11. Working with Dates and Times
  • 11.1. Formatting Dates for Display
  • 11.2. Supplying a Default Date
  • 11.3. Automating Date Ranges
  • 11.4. Converting Dates and Times to Epoch Seconds
  • 11.5. Converting Epoch Seconds to Dates and Times
  • 11.6. Getting Yesterday or Tomorrow with Perl
  • 11.7. Figuring Out Date and Time Arithmetic
  • 11.8. Handling Time Zones, Daylight Saving Time, and Leap Years
  • 11.9. Using date and cron to Run a Script on the Nth Day
  • 11.10. Logging with Dates
• 12. End-User Tasks as Shell Scripts
  • 12.1. Starting Simple by Printing Dashes
  • 12.2. Viewing Photos in an Album
  • 12.3. Loading Your MP3 Player
  • 12.4. Burning a CD
  • 12.5. Comparing Two Documents
• 13. Parsing and Similar Tasks
  • 13.1. Parsing Arguments for Your Shell Script
  • 13.2. Parsing Arguments with Your Own Error Messages
  • 13.3. Parsing Some HTML
  • 13.4. Parsing Output into an Array
  • 13.5. Parsing Output with a Function Call
  • 13.6. Parsing Text with a read Statement
  • 13.7. Parsing with read into an Array
  • 13.8. Reading an Entire File
  • 13.9. Getting Your Plurals Right
  • 13.10. Taking It One Character at a Time
  • 13.11. Cleaning Up an SVN Source Tree
  • 13.12. Setting Up a Database with MySQL
  • 13.13. Isolating Specific Fields in Data
  • 13.14. Updating Specific Fields in Datafiles
  • 13.15. Trimming Whitespace
  • 13.16. Compressing Whitespace
  • 13.17. Processing Fixed-Length Records
  • 13.18. Processing Files with No Line Breaks
  • 13.19. Converting a Datafile to CSV
  • 13.20. Parsing a CSV Datafile
• 14. Writing Secure Shell Scripts
  • 14.1. Avoiding Common Security Problems
  • 14.2. Avoiding Interpreter Spoofing
  • 14.3. Setting a Secure $PATH
  • 14.4. Clearing All Aliases
  • 14.5. Clearing the Command Hash
  • 14.6. Preventing Core Dumps
  • 14.7. Setting a Secure $IFS
  • 14.8. Setting a Secure umask
  • 14.9. Finding World-Writable Directories in Your $PATH
  • 14.10. Adding the Current Directory to the $PATH
  • 14.11. Using Secure Temporary Files
  • 14.12. Validating Input
  • 14.13. Setting Permissions
  • 14.14. Leaking Passwords into the Process List
  • 14.15. Writing setuid or setgid Scripts
  • 14.16. Restricting Guest Users
  • 14.17. Using chroot Jails
  • 14.18. Running as a Non-root User
  • 14.19. Using sudo More Securely
  • 14.20. Using Passwords in Scripts
  • 14.21. Using SSH Without a Password
  • 14.22. Restricting SSH Commands
  • 14.23. Disconnecting Inactive Sessions
• 15. Advanced Scripting
  • 15.1. Finding bash Portably for #!
  • 15.2. Setting a POSIX $PATH
  • 15.3. Developing Portable Shell Scripts
  • 15.4. Testing Scripts Using Virtual Machines
  • 15.5. Using for Loops Portably
  • 15.6. Using echo Portably
  • 15.7. Splitting Output Only When Necessary
  • 15.8. Viewing Output in Hex
  • 15.9. Using bash Net-Redirection
  • 15.10. Finding My IP Address
  • 15.11. Getting Input from Another Machine
  • 15.12. Redirecting Output for the Life of a Script
  • 15.13. Working Around Argument list too long Errors
  • 15.14. Logging to syslog from Your Script
  • 15.15. Using logger Correctly
  • 15.16. Sending Email from Your Script
  • 15.17. Automating a Process Using Phases
  • 15.18. Doing Two Things at Once
  • 15.19. Running an SSH command on multiple hosts
• 16. Configuring and Customizing bash
  • 16.1. bash Startup Options
  • 16.2. Customizing Your Prompt
  • 16.3. A Prompt Before Your Program Runs
  • 16.4. Changing Your $PATH Permanently
  • 16.5. Changing Your $PATH Temporarily
  • 16.6. Setting Your $CDPATH
  • 16.7. When Programs Are Not Found
  • 16.8. Shortening or Changing Command Names
  • 16.9. Adjusting Shell Behavior and Environment
  • 16.10. Adjusting readline Behavior Using .inputrc
  • 16.11. Keeping a Private Stash of Utilities by Adding ~/bin
  • 16.12. Using Secondary Prompts: $PS2, $PS3, $PS4
  • 16.13. Synchronizing Shell History Between Sessions
  • 16.14. Setting Shell History Options
  • 16.15. Creating a Better cd Command
  • 16.16. Creating and Changing Into a New Directory in One Step
  • 16.17. Getting to the Bottom of Things
  • 16.18. Adding New Features to bash Using Loadable Builtins
  • 16.19. Improving Programmable Completion
  • 16.20. Using Initialization Files Correctly
  • 16.21. Creating Self-Contained, Portable rc Files
  • 16.22. Getting Started with a Custom Configuration
• 17. Housekeeping and Administrative Tasks
  • 17.1. Renaming Many Files
  • 17.2. Using GNU Texinfo and info on Linux
  • 17.3. Unzipping Many ZIP Files
  • 17.4. Recovering Disconnected Sessions Using screen
  • 17.5. Sharing a Single bash Session
  • 17.6. Logging an Entire Session or Batch Job
  • 17.7. Clearing the Screen When You Log Out
  • 17.8. Capturing File Metadata for Recovery
  • 17.9. Creating an Index of Many Files
  • 17.10. Using diff and patch
  • 17.11. Counting Differences in Files
  • 17.12. Removing or Renaming Files Named with Special Characters
  • 17.13. Prepending Data to a File
  • 17.14. Editing a File in Place
  • 17.15. Using sudo on a Group of Commands
  • 17.16. Finding Lines That Appear in One File but Not in Another
  • 17.17. Keeping the Most Recent N Objects
  • 17.18. Writing to a Circular Log
  • 17.19. Circular Backups
  • 17.20. Grepping ps Output Without Also Getting the grep Process Itself
  • 17.21. Finding Out Whether a Process Is Running
  • 17.22. Adding a Prefix or Suffix to Output
  • 17.23. Numbering Lines
  • 17.24. Writing Sequences
  • 17.25. Emulating the DOS Pause Command
  • 17.26. Commifying Numbers
• 18. Working Faster by Typing Less
  • 18.1. Moving Quickly Among Arbitrary Directories
  • 18.2. Repeating the Last Command
  • 18.3. Running Almost the Same Command
  • 18.4. Quick Substitution
  • 18.5. Reusing Arguments
  • 18.6. Finishing Names for You
  • 18.7. Playing It Safe
  • 18.8. Big Changes, More Lines
• 19. Tips and Traps: Common Goofs for Novices
  • 19.1. Forgetting to Set Execute Permissions
  • 19.2. Fixing No such file or directory Errors
  • 19.3. Forgetting That the Current Directory Is Not in the $PATH
  • 19.4. Naming Your Script test
  • 19.5. Expecting to Change Exported Variables
  • 19.6. Forgetting Quotes Leads to command not found on Assignments
  • 19.7. Forgetting that Pattern Matching Alphabetizes
  • 19.8. Forgetting that Pipelines Make Subshells
  • 19.9. Making Your Terminal Sane Again
  • 19.10. Deleting Files Using an Empty Variable
  • 19.11. Seeing Odd Behavior from printf
  • 19.12. Testing bash Script Syntax
  • 19.13. Debugging Scripts
  • 19.14. Avoiding command not found When Using Functions
  • 19.15. Confusing Shell Wildcards and Regular Expressions
• A. Reference Lists
  • bash Invocation
  • Prompt String Customizations
  • ANSI Color Escape Sequences
  • Builtin Commands
  • bash Reserved Words
  • Builtin Shell Variables
  • set Options
  • shopt Options
  • Test Operators
  • I/O Redirection
  • echo Options and Escape Sequences
  • printf
  • Date and Time String Formatting with strftime
  • Pattern-Matching Characters
  • extglob Extended Pattern-Matching Operators
  • tr Escape Sequences
  • readline Init File Syntax
  • Table of ASCII Values
• B. Examples Included with bash
  • bash Documentation and Examples
• C. Command-Line Processing
  • Command-Line Processing Steps
• D. Revision Control
  • Git
  • Bazaar
  • Mercurial
  • Subversion
  • Meld
  • etckeeper
  • Other
• E. Building bash from Source
  • Obtaining bash
  • Unpacking the Archive
  • Whats in the Archive
  • Who Do I Turn To?
• Index

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