Statistics in a Nutshell. A Desktop Quick Reference. 2nd Edition

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• Statistics in a Nutshell
• Preface
  • OK, Just What Is Statistics?
  • The Focus of This Book
  • Statistics in the Age of Information
  • Organization of This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • Safari Books Online
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Basic Concepts of Measurement
  • Measurement
  • Levels of Measurement
    • Nominal Data
    • Ordinal Data
    • Interval Data
    • Ratio Data
    • Continuous and Discrete Data
    • Operationalization
    • Proxy Measurement
  • True and Error Scores
    • Random and Systematic Error
  • Reliability and Validity
    • Reliability
    • Validity
    • Triangulation
  • Measurement Bias
    • Bias in Sample Selection and Retention
    • Information Bias
  • Exercises
• 2. Probability
  • About Formulas
  • Basic Definitions
    • Trials
    • Sample Space
    • Events
    • Union
    • Intersection
    • Complement
    • Mutual Exclusivity
    • Independence
    • Permutations
    • Combinations
  • Defining Probability
    • Expressing the Probability of an Event
    • Conditional Probabilities
    • Calculating the Probability of Multiple Events
      • Union of mutually exclusive events
      • Union of events that are not mutually exclusive
      • Intersection of independent events
      • Intersection of nonindependent events
  • Bayes Theorem
  • Enough Exposition, Lets Do Some Statistics!
    • Dice, Coins, and Playing Cards
  • Exercises
    • Closing Note: The Connection between Statistics and Gambling
• 3. Inferential Statistics
  • Probability Distributions
    • The Normal Distribution
    • The Binomial Distribution
  • Independent and Dependent Variables
  • Populations and Samples
    • Nonprobability Sampling
    • Probability Sampling
  • The Central Limit Theorem
  • Hypothesis Testing
  • Confidence Intervals
  • p-values
  • The Z-Statistic
  • Data Transformations
  • Exercises
• 4. Descriptive Statistics and Graphic Displays
  • Populations and Samples
  • Measures of Central Tendency
    • The Mean
    • The Median
    • The Mode
    • Comparing the Mean, Median, and Mode
  • Measures of Dispersion
    • The Range and Interquartile Range
    • The Variance and Standard Deviation
  • Outliers
  • Graphic Methods
    • Frequency Tables
  • Bar Charts
    • Pie Charts
    • Pareto Charts
    • The Stem-and-Leaf Plot
    • The Boxplot
    • The Histogram
  • Bivariate Charts
    • Scatterplots
    • Line Graphs
  • Exercises
• 5. Categorical Data
  • The R×C Table
    • Measures of Agreement
  • The Chi-Square Distribution
  • The Chi-Square Test
  • Fishers Exact Test
  • McNemars Test for Matched Pairs
  • Proportions: The Large Sample Case
  • Correlation Statistics for Categorical Data
    • Binary Variables
    • The Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient
    • Ordinal Variables
  • The Likert and Semantic Differential Scales
  • Exercises
• 6. The t-Test
  • The t Distribution
  • The One-Sample t-Test
    • Confidence Interval for the One-Sample t-Test
  • The Independent Samples t-Test
    • Confidence Interval for the Independent Samples t-Test
  • Repeated Measures t-Test
    • Confidence Interval for the Repeated Measures t-Test
  • Unequal Variance t-Test
  • Exercises
• 7. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient
  • Association
  • Scatterplots
    • Relationships Between Continuous Variables
  • The Pearson Correlation Coefficient
    • Testing Statistical Significance for the Pearson Correlation
  • The Coefficient of Determination
  • Exercises
• 8. Introduction to Regression and ANOVA
  • The General Linear Model
  • Linear Regression
    • Assumptions
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
    • One-Way ANOVA
    • Post Hoc Tests
  • Calculating Simple Regression by Hand
  • Exercises
    • Regression
    • ANOVA
• 9. Factorial ANOVA and ANCOVA
  • Factorial ANOVA
    • Interaction
    • Two-Way ANOVA
    • Three-Way ANOVA
  • ANCOVA
  • Exercises
• 10. Multiple Linear Regression
  • Multiple Regression Models
    • Dummy Variables
    • Methods for Building Regression Models
      • Forward entry
      • Backward removal
  • Exercises
    • Example 1
    • Example 2
• 11. Logistic, Multinomial, and Polynomial Regression
  • Logistic Regression
    • Converting Logits to Probabilities
  • Multinomial Logistic Regression
  • Polynomial Regression
  • Overfitting
  • Exercises
• 12. Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Discriminant Function Analysis
  • Factor Analysis
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Discriminant Function Analysis
  • Exercises
• 13. Nonparametric Statistics
  • Between-Subjects Designs
    • The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
    • The Sign Test
    • The Median Test
    • Kruskal-Wallis H Test
  • Within-Subjects Designs
    • Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
    • Friedman Test
  • Exercises
• 14. Business and Quality Improvement Statistics
  • Index Numbers
  • Time Series
  • Decision Analysis
    • Minimax, Maximax, and Maximin
    • Decision Making under Risk
    • Decision Trees
  • Quality Improvement
    • Run Charts and Control Charts
  • Exercises
• 15. Medical and Epidemiological Statistics
  • Measures of Disease Frequency
  • Ratio, Proportion, and Rate
  • Prevalence and Incidence
  • Crude, Category-Specific, and Standardized Rates
  • The Risk Ratio
    • Attributable Risk, Attributable Risk Percentage, and Number Needed to Treat
  • The Odds Ratio
  • Confounding, Stratified Analysis, and the Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio
  • Power Analysis
  • Sample Size Calculations
    • Confidence Interval for a Proportion
    • Power for the Test of the Difference between Two Sample Means (Independent Samples t-Test)
  • Exercises
• 16. Educational and Psychological Statistics
  • Percentiles
  • Standardized Scores
  • Test Construction
  • Classical Test Theory: The True Score Model
  • Reliability of a Composite Test
  • Measures of Internal Consistency
    • Split-Half Methods
    • Coefficient Alpha
  • Item Analysis
  • Item Response Theory
  • Exercises
• 17. Data Management
  • An Approach, Not a Set of Recipes
  • The Chain of Command
  • Codebooks
  • The Rectangular Data File
  • Spreadsheets and Relational Databases
  • Inspecting a New Data File
  • String and Numeric Data
  • Missing Data
• 18. Research Design
  • Basic Vocabulary
  • Observational Studies
  • Quasi-Experimental Studies
  • Experimental Studies
    • Ingredients of a Good Design
  • Gathering Experimental Data
    • Identifying Experimental Units
    • Identifying Treatments and Controls
    • Specifying Treatment Levels
    • Specifying Response Variables
    • Blinding
    • Retrospective Adjustment
    • Blocking and the Latin Square
  • Example Experimental Design
• 19. Communicating with Statistics
  • General Notes
    • Writing for a Professional Journal
    • Writing the Article
    • The Peer Review Process
    • Writing for the General Public
    • Writing for Your Workplace
• 20. Critiquing Statistics Presented by Others
  • Evaluating the Whole Article
  • The Misuse of Statistics
  • Common Problems
  • Quick Checklist
  • Issues in Research Design
    • Variation
    • Population
    • Sampling
    • Controls
    • The Power of Coincidence
  • Descriptive Statistics
    • Measures of Central Tendency
    • Standard Error and Confidence Intervals
    • Graphical Presentation of Data
    • Extrapolation and Trends
  • Inferential Statistics
    • Assumptions of Statistical Tests
      • t-tests
      • ANOVA
      • Linear regression
• A. Review of Basic Mathematics
  • Laws of Arithmetic
    • Order of Operations
  • Properties of Real Numbers
  • Exponents and Roots
    • Properties of Roots
  • Solving Equations
  • Systems of Equations
  • Graphing Equations
  • Linear Inequalities
  • Fractions
  • Factorials, Permutations, and Combinations
  • Exercises
    • Laws of Arithmetic and Real Numbers
    • Exponents, Roots, and Logarithms
    • Natural Logarithms
    • Solving Equations for x
    • Systems of Linear Equations
    • Linear Equations and Cartesian Coordinates
    • Linear Inequalities
    • Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
    • Factorials, Permutations, and Combinations
  • Answers
    • Laws of Arithmetic and Real Numbers
    • Exponents and Roots
    • Logarithms
    • Solving Equations for x
    • Solving Systems of Linear Equations
    • Linear Equations and Cartesian Coordinates
    • Linear Inequalities
    • Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
    • Factorials, Permutations, and Combinations
• B. Introduction to Statistical Packages
  • Minitab
  • SPSS
  • SAS
  • R
  • Microsoft Excel
• C. References
  • Preface and General Sources
  • Chapter 1
  • Chapter 2
  • Chapter 3
  • Chapter 4
  • Chapter 5
  • Chapter 6
  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 8
  • Chapter 9
  • Chapter 10
  • Chapter 11
  • Chapter 12
  • Chapter 13
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 15
  • Chapter 16
  • Chapter 17
  • Chapter 18
  • Chapter 19
  • Chapter 20
• D. Probability Tables for Common Distributions
  • The Standard Normal Distribution
  • The t-Distribution
  • The Binomial Distribution
  • The Chi-Square Distribution
• E. Online Resources
  • General Resources
  • Glossaries
  • Probability Tables
  • Online Calculators
  • Online Textbooks
• F. Glossary of Statistical Terms
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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