qmail John Levine

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• qmail
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  • Preface
    • Whats Inside?
      • Part I: Introduction to Qmail
      • Part II: Advanced Qmail
    • Style Conventions
    • Examples and Patches
    • Comments and Questions
    • Acknowledgments
  • I. Introduction to Qmail
    • 1. Internet Email
      • 1.1. Mail Basics
        • 1.1.1. Addresses
        • 1.1.2. Envelopes
        • 1.1.3. Messages
        • 1.1.4. Lines
      • 1.2. Mailstore
        • 1.2.1. Transparent Mailstore
        • 1.2.2. Opaque Mailstore
          • 1.2.2.1. POP3
          • 1.2.2.2. IMAP4
      • 1.3. The Structure of Internet Mail
    • 2. How Qmail Works
      • 2.1. Small Programs Work Together
        • 2.1.1. Each Program Does One Thing
        • 2.1.2. The Principle of Least Privilege
        • 2.1.3. Program Wrapping
        • 2.1.4. No New Languages
        • 2.1.5. Configuration Files
      • 2.2. What Does a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Do?
      • 2.3. The Pieces of Qmail
        • 2.3.1. A Message's Path Through Qmail
    • 3. Installing Qmail
      • 3.1. Where to Find Qmail
        • 3.1.1. Copyright
        • 3.1.2. Should I Upgrade?
        • 3.1.3. Other Software You Should Fetch
      • 3.2. Creating the Users and Groups
        • 3.2.1. The adduser Script
        • 3.2.2. Adding by Hand
        • 3.2.3. Nofiles Group Really Has No Files
      • 3.3. Configuring and Making the Software
        • 3.3.1. conf-break
        • 3.3.2. conf-cc
        • 3.3.3. conf-groups
        • 3.3.4. conf-ld
        • 3.3.5. conf-patrn
        • 3.3.6. conf-qmail
        • 3.3.7. conf-spawn
        • 3.3.8. conf-split
        • 3.3.9. conf-users
        • 3.3.10. Build Using make
        • 3.3.11. If the Build Fails
        • 3.3.12. Building the Other Packages
        • 3.3.13. Installing Qmail
        • 3.3.14. Installing Other Programs
      • 3.4. Patching Qmail
    • 4. Getting Comfortable with Qmail
      • 4.1. Mailboxes, Local Delivery, and Logging
        • 4.1.1. Mailbox Format
        • 4.1.2. Local Delivery
        • 4.1.3. Logging
      • 4.2. An Excursion into Daemon Management
        • 4.2.1. Starting a Daemon
      • 4.3. Setting Up the Qmail Configuration Files
      • 4.4. Starting and Stopping Qmail
        • 4.4.1. Choosing a Startup File
        • 4.4.2. Fire `er Up
        • 4.4.3. Stopping Qmail
      • 4.5. Incoming Mail
        • 4.5.1. Configuration Files
        • 4.5.2. Setting Up the Daemons
        • 4.5.3. Make Some Mail Aliases
        • 4.5.4. Relaying for Local Users
      • 4.6. Procmail and Qmail
      • 4.7. Creating Addresses and Mailboxes
      • 4.8. Reading Your Mail
      • 4.9. Configuring Qmail's Control Files
      • 4.10. Using ~alias
      • 4.11. fastforward and /etc/aliases
        • 4.11.1. Installing fastforward
        • 4.11.2. Using fastforward
        • 4.11.3. Alias File Format
    • 5. Moving from Sendmail to Qmail
      • 5.1. Running Sendmail and Qmail in Parallel
        • 5.1.1. Sendmail Switching Systems
      • 5.2. User Issues
        • 5.2.1. Mailbox Format and Location
        • 5.2.2. Qmail and .forward Files
      • 5.3. System Issues
        • 5.3.1. Deconstructing sendmail.cf
        • 5.3.2. Local Deliveries
        • 5.3.3. Hostnames and Masquerading
        • 5.3.4. Local and Virtual Domains
        • 5.3.5. Remote Domains, and Primary and Backup MXes
        • 5.3.6. Smarthosts
        • 5.3.7. Uucp and Other Specialized Deliveries
        • 5.3.8. Spam Filtering
      • 5.4. Converting Your Aliases File
        • 5.4.1. Address Forwarding
        • 5.4.2. Mailing Lists
        • 5.4.3. Program Deliveries
      • 5.5. Trusted Users
    • 6. Handling Locally Generated Mail
      • 6.1. qmail-queue
        • 6.1.1. Passing Input to qmail-queue
        • 6.1.2. Other Queueing Programs
        • 6.1.3. Wrapping qmail-queue
      • 6.2. Cleaning Up Injected Mail
        • 6.2.1. Accepting and Cleaning Up Locally Injected Mail
          • 6.2.1.1. Setting the envelope addresses
          • 6.2.1.2. Header rewriting
          • 6.2.1.3. Address rewriting
        • 6.2.2. Passing in Large Numbers of Addresses
      • 6.3. Accepting Local Mail from Other Hosts
      • 6.4. Distinguishing Injected from Relayed Mail
    • 7. Accepting Mail from Other Hosts
      • 7.1. Accepting Incoming SMTP Mail
      • 7.2. Accepting and Cleaning Up Local Mail Using the Regular SMTP Daemon
        • 7.2.1. Using Separate Relay and Injection Daemons
        • 7.2.2. Deciding On the Fly Which Daemon to Use
      • 7.3. Dealing with Roaming Users
      • 7.4. SMTP Authorization and TLS Security
        • 7.4.1. Installing and Building SMTP AUTH and (Optionally) TLS
      • 7.5. POP-before-SMTP
        • 7.5.1. Adding POP-before-SMTP to the POP Server
        • 7.5.2. Adding POP-Before-SMTP to the SMTP Server
        • 7.5.3. Using POP-before-SMTP with ofmipd
        • 7.5.4. Other POP-before-SMTP Daemons
    • 8. Delivering and Routing Local Mail
      • 8.1. Mail to Local Login Users
        • 8.1.1. Local Delivery .qmail Files and Default Delivery Rules
        • 8.1.2. Maildirs and Mail Clients
      • 8.2. Mail Sorting
        • 8.2.1. Mail Sorting with Subaddresses
        • 8.2.2. Mail Sorting with Filter Programs
          • 8.2.2.1. Mail sorting with procmail
          • 8.2.2.2. Mail sorting with maildrop
        • 8.2.3. More Mail Sorting
    • 9. Filtering and Rejecting Spam and Viruses
      • 9.1. Filtering Criteria
      • 9.2. Places to Filter
      • 9.3. Spam Filtering and Virus Filtering
      • 9.4. Connection-Time Filtering Tools
        • 9.4.1. Using Local Filtering Rules
        • 9.4.2. Using DNSBLs and DNSWLs
      • 9.5. SMTP-Time Filtering Tools
        • 9.5.1. Filtering in the SMTP Daemon
        • 9.5.2. Separate Filters Called from the SMTP Daemon
          • 9.5.2.1. Filtering with qmail-qfilter
          • 9.5.2.2. Filtering with qmail-scanner
      • 9.6. Delivery Time Filtering Rules
      • 9.7. Combination Filtering Schemes
  • II. Advanced Qmail
    • 10. Local Mail Delivery
      • 10.1. How Qmail Delivers Local Mail
        • 10.1.1. Identifying the User
        • 10.1.2. Locating the .qmail File
        • 10.1.3. Processing the .qmail File
        • 10.1.4. Defensive Features in qmail-local
      • 10.2. Mailbox Deliveries
      • 10.3. Program Deliveries
        • 10.3.1. Delivery Utilities
          • 10.3.1.1. forward
          • 10.3.1.2. bouncesaying
          • 10.3.1.3. condredirect
          • 10.3.1.4. except
      • 10.4. Subaddresses
      • 10.5. Special Forwarding Features for Mailing Lists
      • 10.6. The Users Database
      • 10.7. Bounce Handling
        • 10.7.1. Single Bounces
        • 10.7.2. Double Bounces
        • 10.7.3. Triple Bounces
    • 11. Remote Mail Delivery
      • 11.1. Telling Local from Remote Mail
      • 11.2. qmail-remote
      • 11.3. Locating the Remote Mail Host
        • 11.3.1. The smtproutes File for Outbound Mail
        • 11.3.2. Secondary MX Servers for Inbound Mail
        • 11.3.3. TCP Time-Outs
      • 11.4. Remote Mail Failures
      • 11.5. Serialmail
        • 11.5.1. Using Serialmail
    • 12. Virtual Domains
      • 12.1. How Virtual Domains Work
      • 12.2. Some Common Virtual Domain Setups
        • 12.2.1. Mapping a Few Addresses with .qmail Files
        • 12.2.2. Mapping Many Addresses with fastforward
        • 12.2.3. Per-User Subdomains
        • 12.2.4. Service Gateways
          • 12.2.4.1. Gateway design
          • 12.2.4.2. Gateway addressing
          • 12.2.4.3. Per-message service gateways
          • 12.2.4.4. Batched service gateways
        • 12.2.5. Mapping Individual Addresses
        • 12.2.6. POP Toasters
      • 12.3. Some Virtual Domain Details
        • 12.3.1. qmail-foo Versus qmail-alias-foo
        • 12.3.2. Local-Only Domains
    • 13. POP and IMAP Servers and POP Toasters
      • 13.1. Each Program Does One Thing
        • 13.1.1. The Flow of Control
        • 13.1.2. Functional Partitioning
          • 13.1.2.1. Flexibility
          • 13.1.2.2. Testability
      • 13.2. Starting the Pop Server
        • 13.2.1. Prerequisite Packages
        • 13.2.2. Directories
        • 13.2.3. The Listening Script
        • 13.2.4. The Logging Script
        • 13.2.5. tcpserver Rules
        • 13.2.6. Putting It All Together
      • 13.3. Testing Your POP Server
        • 13.3.1. You Cannot Connect to the POP Server
        • 13.3.2. You Can Connect, but Then Something Fails
      • 13.4. Building POP Toasters
        • 13.4.1. Installing Vpopmail
        • 13.4.2. Setting Up Vpopmail
          • 13.4.2.1. Creating virtual domains
          • 13.4.2.2. Creating mailboxes
          • 13.4.2.3. Starting the POP service
          • 13.4.2.4. Roaming users
        • 13.4.3. Some Handy Vpopmail Tricks
          • 13.4.3.1. Handling unknown users
          • 13.4.3.2. Forwarding a user's mail and other per-user special handling
          • 13.4.3.3. Enforcing mail quotas
          • 13.4.3.4. Mail bulletins
          • 13.4.3.5. Storing user data in a database
          • 13.4.3.6. Data replication and other MySQL tricks
      • 13.5. Picking Up Mail with IMAP and Web Mail
        • 13.5.1. Courier's Extended Maildir++
        • 13.5.2. Installing Courier IMAP
        • 13.5.3. Courier IMAP and Pop-Before-SMTP
        • 13.5.4. Installing SqWebMail
    • 14. Mailing Lists
      • 14.1. Sending Mail to Lists
        • 14.1.1. Maintaining List Files
        • 14.1.2. Bounce Handling and VERP
          • 14.1.2.1. Manual bounce handling
          • 14.1.2.2. Automated bounce handling
          • 14.1.2.3. Bounce handling for mail without .qmail file forwarding
      • 14.2. Using Ezmlm with qmail
        • 14.2.1. Installing Ezmlm-idx
        • 14.2.2. Ezmlm List Names
        • 14.2.3. Creating an Ezmlm List
        • 14.2.4. Ezmlm Lists in Virtual Domains
        • 14.2.5. Sending Mail to and Testing an Ezmlm List
        • 14.2.6. Configuring and Maintaining an Ezmlm List
        • 14.2.7. Other Ezmlm Tricks and Features
      • 14.3. Using Other List Managers with Qmail
        • 14.3.1. Incoming Mail to List Managers
        • 14.3.2. Outgoing Mail from List Managers
      • 14.4. Sending Bulk Mail That's Not All the Same
    • 15. The Users Database
      • 15.1. If There's No Users Database
      • 15.2. Making the Users File
      • 15.3. How Qmail Uses the Users Database
      • 15.4. Typical Users Setup
      • 15.5. Adding Entries for Special Purposes
        • 15.5.1. Adding a Few Mail-Only Accounts
        • 15.5.2. Preparing for the POP Toaster
    • 16. Logging, Analysis, and Tuning
      • 16.1. What Qmail Logs
      • 16.2. Collecting and Analyzing Qmail Logs with Qmailanalog
        • 16.2.1. Log Analysis at Rotation Time
        • 16.2.2. Log Analysis Once a Day
        • 16.2.3. Getting Statistics with Qmailanalog
      • 16.3. Analyzing Other Logs
      • 16.4. Tuning Qmail
        • 16.4.1. Tuning Small Servers
        • 16.4.2. Tuning Large Servers
      • 16.5. Tuning to Deal with Spam
      • 16.6. Looking at the Mail Queue with qmail-qread
    • 17. Many Qmails Make Light Work
      • 17.1. Tools for Multiple Computers and Qmail
        • 17.1.1. Multiple Copies of Qmail
        • 17.1.2. mini-qmail
        • 17.1.3. Shared Mail Folders
        • 17.1.4. Multi-Host POP Toasters
      • 17.2. Setting Up mini-qmail
        • 17.2.1. Setting Up a QMQP Server
        • 17.2.2. Setting Up QMQP Clients
        • 17.2.3. Using QMQP
          • 17.2.3.1. Using a smarthost
          • 17.2.3.2. Setting up a mail firewall
          • 17.2.3.3. Mailing list load sharing
    • 18. A Compendium of Tips and Tricks
      • 18.1. Qmail Won't Compile
      • 18.2. Why Qmail Is Delivering Mail Very Slowly
      • 18.3. Stuck Daemons and Deliveries
        • 18.3.1. Daemons Won't Start, or They Start and Crash Every Few Seconds
        • 18.3.2. Nothing Gets Logged
        • 18.3.3. Daemons Are Running but Making No Progress
        • 18.3.4. Mail Rejected with Stray Newline Reports
      • 18.4. Mail to Valid Users Is Bouncing or Disappearing
      • 18.5. Mail Routing
        • 18.5.1. Sending All Mail to a Smarthost
        • 18.5.2. Treating a Few Remote Addresses as Local
        • 18.5.3. Slowing Mail Delivery to Certain Domains
      • 18.6. Local Mail Delivery Tricks
        • 18.6.1. Using a Subaddress Separator Character Other than Hyphen
        • 18.6.2. Customized Bounce Messages for Virtual Domains
      • 18.7. Delivering Mail on Intermittent Connections
      • 18.8. Limiting Users' Mail Access
      • 18.9. Adding a Tag to Each Outgoing Message
      • 18.10. Logging All Mail
      • 18.11. Setting Mail Quotas and Deleting Stale Mail
      • 18.12. Backing Up and Restoring Your Mail Queue
    • A. A Sample Script
      • A.1. A Mail-to-News Gateway
    • B. Online Qmail Resources
      • B.1. Web Sites
      • B.2. Mailing Lists
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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