PHP in a Nutshell

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• PHP in a Nutshell
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • About the Author
  • Preface
    • Audience
    • Assumptions
    • Contents of This Book
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • Safari Enabled
    • How to Contact Us
    • Acknowledgments
  • 1. Introduction to PHP
    • 1.1. PHP History
    • 1.2. Advantages of PHP
      • 1.2.1. The HTML Relationship
      • 1.2.2. Interpreting Versus Compiling
      • 1.2.3. Output Control
      • 1.2.4. Performance
    • 1.3. Getting Help
      • 1.3.1. The Documentation
      • 1.3.2. Mailing Lists
      • 1.3.4. IRC
      • 1.3.5. Conferences
      • 1.3.6. User Groups
      • 1.3.7. Submitting a Bug
    • 1.4. Getting Certified
    • 1.5. PHP Resources
      • 1.5.1. Books
      • 1.5.2. Magazines
      • 1.5.3. Web Sites
  • 2. Installing PHP
    • 2.1. Installing on Windows
      • 2.1.1. Installing Apache
      • 2.1.2. Installing Microsoft IIS
      • 2.1.3. Configuring Extensions
    • 2.2. Installing on Unix
      • 2.2.1. Installing Using Packages
      • 2.2.2. Compiling from Source
      • 2.2.3. Configuring Extensions
    • 2.3. Testing Your Configuration
    • 2.4. System Configuration
  • 3. The PHP Interpreter
    • 3.1. Running PHP Scripts
    • 3.2. Extending PHP
    • 3.3. PEAR
    • 3.4. Abnormal Script Termination
  • 4. The PHP Language
    • 4.1. The Basics of PHP
    • 4.2. Variables
    • 4.3. Whitespace
    • 4.4. Heredoc
    • 4.5. Brief Introduction to Variable Types
    • 4.6. Code Blocks
    • 4.7. Opening and Closing Code Islands
    • 4.8. Comments
    • 4.9. Conditional Statements
    • 4.10. Case Switching
    • 4.11. Loops
    • 4.12. Infinite Loops
    • 4.13. Special Loop Keywords
    • 4.14. Loops Within Loops
    • 4.15. Mixed-Mode Processing
    • 4.16. Including Other Files
    • 4.17. Functions
      • 4.17.1. A Simple User Function
      • 4.17.2. Return Values
      • 4.17.3. Parameters
      • 4.17.4. Passing By Reference
      • 4.17.5. Returning by Reference
      • 4.17.6. Default Parameters
      • 4.17.7. Variable Parameter Counts
      • 4.17.8. Variable Scope in Functions
      • 4.17.9. Overriding Scope with the GLOBALS Array
      • 4.17.10. Recursive Functions
  • 5. Variables and Constants
    • 5.1. Types of Data
    • 5.2. True or False
    • 5.3. Strings
      • 5.3.1. Escape Sequences
    • 5.4. Integers
    • 5.5. Floats
    • 5.6. Automatic Type Conversion
    • 5.7. Checking Whether a Variable Is Set: isset()
    • 5.8. Variable Scope
    • 5.9. Variable Variables
    • 5.10. Superglobals
    • 5.11. Using $_ENV and $_SERVER
    • 5.12. References
    • 5.13. Constants
      • 5.13.1. Preset Constants
      • 5.13.2. Mathematical Constants
    • 5.14. Arrays
      • 5.14.1. First Steps
      • 5.14.2. Associative Arrays
      • 5.14.3. The Array Operator
      • 5.14.4. Returning Arrays from Functions
      • 5.14.5. Array-Specific Functions
        • array_diff()
        • array_filter()
        • array_flip()
        • array_intersect()
        • array_keys()
        • array_merge()
        • array_pop()
        • array_push()
        • array_rand()
        • array_shift()
        • array_unique()
        • array_unshift()
        • array_values()
        • arsort()
        • asort()
        • explode()
        • extract()
        • implode()
        • in_array()
        • krsort()
        • ksort()
        • range()
        • shuffle()
      • 5.14.6. Multidimensional Arrays
      • 5.14.7. The Array Cursor
      • 5.14.8. Holes in Arrays
      • 5.14.9. Using Arrays in Strings
      • 5.14.10. Saving Arrays
  • 6. Operators
    • 6.1. Arithmetic Operators
    • 6.2. Assignment Operators
    • 6.3. String Operators
    • 6.4. Bitwise Operators
    • 6.5. Comparison Operators
    • 6.6. Incrementing and Decrementing Operators
    • 6.7. Logical Operators
    • 6.8. Some Operator Examples
    • 6.9. The Ternary Operator
    • 6.10. The Execution Operator
    • 6.11. Operator Precedence and Associativity
  • 7. Function Reference
    • 7.1. Undocumented Functions
    • 7.2. Handling Non-English Characters
      • abs()
      • acos()
      • addslashes()
      • asin()
      • atan()
      • base_convert()
      • bindec()
      • call_user_func()
      • call_user_func_array()
      • ceil()
      • chr()
      • connection_status()
      • cos()
      • count_chars()
      • date()
      • decbin()
      • dechex()
      • decoct()
      • deg2rad()
      • die()
      • dl()
      • empty()
      • escapeshellcmd()
      • eval()
      • exec()
      • exit()
      • floor()
      • function_exists()
      • get_extension_funcs()
      • get_loaded_extensions()
      • hexdec()
      • html_entities()
      • html_entity_decode()
      • ignore_user_abort()
      • ini_get()
      • ini_set()
      • is_callable()
      • isset()
      • ltrim()
      • md5()
      • microtime()
      • mktime()
      • mt_rand()
      • nl2br()
      • number_format()
      • octdec()
      • ord()
      • parse_str()
      • passthru()
      • pow()
      • printf()
      • rad2deg()
      • rand()
      • rawurldecode()
      • rawurlencode()
      • register_shutdown_function()
      • round()
      • rtrim()
      • set_time_limit()
      • sha1()
      • sin()
      • sleep()
      • sqrt()
      • str_pad()
      • str_replace()
      • str_word_count()
      • strcasecmp()
      • strcmp()
      • strip_tags()
      • stripslashes()
      • strlen()
      • strpos()
      • strstr()
      • strtolower()
      • strtotime()
      • strtoupper()
      • substr()
      • tan()
      • time()
      • trim()
      • ucfirst()
      • ucwords()
      • unset()
      • usleep()
      • virtual()
      • wordwrap()
  • 8. Object-Oriented PHP
    • 8.1. Conceptual Overview
    • 8.2. Classes
      • 8.2.1. Defining a Class
      • 8.2.2. How to Design Your Class
      • 8.2.3. Basic Inheritance
      • 8.2.4. Overriding Methods
      • 8.2.5. The Scope Resolution Operator
    • 8.3. Objects
    • 8.4. Properties
    • 8.5. The this' Variable
    • 8.6. Objects Within Objects
    • 8.7. Access Control Modifiers
      • 8.7.1. Public
      • 8.7.2. Private
      • 8.7.3. Protected
      • 8.7.4. Final
      • 8.7.5. Abstract
      • 8.7.6. Iterating Through Object Properties
    • 8.8. Object Type Information
    • 8.9. Class Type Hints
    • 8.10. Constructors and Destructors
      • 8.10.1. Parent Constructors
      • 8.10.2. Destructors
      • 8.10.3. Deleting Objects
    • 8.11. Copying Objects
    • 8.12. Comparing Objects with == and ===
    • 8.13. Saving Objects
    • 8.14. Magic Methods
      • 8.14.1. _ _autoload()
      • 8.14.2. _ _get()
      • 8.14.3. _ _set()
      • 8.14.4. _ _call()
      • 8.14.5. _ _toString()
    • 8.15. Static Class Methods and Properties
    • 8.16. Helpful Utility Functions
    • 8.17. Interfaces
    • 8.18. Dereferencing Object Return Values
  • 9. HTML Forms
    • 9.1. What Does It Mean to Be Dynamic?
    • 9.2. Designing a Form
      • 9.2.1. GET and POST
      • 9.2.2. Available Elements
      • 9.2.3. A Working Form
    • 9.3. Handling Data
      • 9.3.1. register_globals
      • 9.3.2. Working Around register_globals
      • 9.3.3. Magic Quotes
      • 9.3.4. Handling Our Form
    • 9.4. Splitting Forms Across Pages
    • 9.5. Validating Input
    • 9.6. Form Design
    • 9.7. Summary
  • 10. Cookies and Sessions
    • 10.1. Cookies Versus Sessions
    • 10.2. Using Cookies
    • 10.3. Using Sessions
      • 10.3.1. Starting a Session
      • 10.3.2. Adding Session Data
      • 10.3.3. Reading Session Data
      • 10.3.4. Removing Session Data
      • 10.3.5. Ending a Session
      • 10.3.6. Checking Session Data
      • 10.3.7. Files Versus Databases
    • 10.4. Storing Complex Data Types
  • 11. Output Buffering
    • 11.1. Why Use Output Buffering?
    • 11.2. Getting Started
    • 11.3. Reusing Buffers
    • 11.4. Stacking Buffers
    • 11.5. Flushing Stacked Buffers
    • 11.6. Reading Buffers
    • 11.7. Other OB Functions
    • 11.8. Flushing Output
    • 11.9. Compressing Output
    • 11.10. URL Rewriting
  • 12. Security
    • 12.1. Security Tips
      • 12.1.1. Put Key Files Outside Your Document Root
      • 12.1.2. Remember That Most Files Are Public
      • 12.1.3. Hide Your Identity
      • 12.1.4. Hiding PHP
    • 12.2. Encryption
      • 12.2.1. Encrypting Data
      • 12.2.2. Symmetric Decryption
  • 13. Files
    • 13.1. Reading Files
      • 13.1.1. readfile()
      • 13.1.2. file_get_contents() and file()
      • 13.1.3. fopen() and fread()
      • 13.1.4. Reading by line using fgets()
    • 13.2. Creating and Changing Files
      • 13.2.1. file_put_contents()
      • 13.2.2. fwrite()
    • 13.3. Moving, Copying, and Deleting Files
      • 13.3.1. Moving Files with rename()
      • 13.3.2. Copying Files with copy()
      • 13.3.3. Deleting Files with unlink()
    • 13.4. Other File Functions
    • 13.5. Checking Whether a File Exists
    • 13.6. Retrieving File Time Information
    • 13.7. Dissecting Filename Information
    • 13.8. Handling File Uploads
      • 13.8.1. Checking Uploaded Files
    • 13.9. Locking Files with flock()
    • 13.10. Reading File Permissions and Status
    • 13.11. Changing File Permissions and Ownership
    • 13.12. Working with Links
    • 13.13. Working with Directories
      • 13.13.1. Creating Directories
      • 13.13.2. Deleting Directories
      • 13.13.3. Reading and Changing the Working Directory
      • 13.13.4. One Last Directory Function
    • 13.14. Remote Files
    • 13.15. File Checksums
    • 13.16. Parsing a Configuration File
  • 14. Databases
    • 14.1. Using MySQL with PHP
      • 14.1.1. Connecting to a MySQL Database
      • 14.1.2. Querying and Formatting
      • 14.1.3. Disconnecting from a MySQL Database
      • 14.1.4. Reading in Data
      • 14.1.5. Mixing in PHP Variables
      • 14.1.6. Reading Auto-Incrementing Values
      • 14.1.7. Unbuffered Queries for Large Data Sets
    • 14.2. PEAR::DB
      • 14.2.1. Quick PEAR::DB Calls
      • 14.2.2. Query Information
      • 14.2.3. Advanced PEAR::DB: Prepared Statements
    • 14.3. SQLite
      • 14.3.1. Before You Begin
      • 14.3.2. Getting Started
      • 14.3.3. Advanced Functions
      • 14.3.4. Mixing SQLite and PHP
    • 14.4. Persistent Connections
    • 14.5. MySQL Improved
  • 15. Regular Expressions
    • 15.1. Basic Regexps with preg_match() and preg_match_all()
    • 15.2. Regexp Character Classes
    • 15.3. Regexp Special Characters
    • 15.4. Words and Whitespace Regexps
    • 15.5. Storing Matched Strings
    • 15.6. Regular Expression Replacements
    • 15.7. Regular Expression Syntax Examples
    • 15.8. The Regular Expressions Coach
  • 16. Manipulating Images
    • 16.1. Getting Started
    • 16.2. Choosing a Format
    • 16.3. Getting Arty
    • 16.4. More Shapes
    • 16.5. Complex Shapes
    • 16.6. Outputting Text
    • 16.7. Loading Existing Images
    • 16.8. Color and Image Fills
    • 16.9. Adding Transparency
    • 16.10. Using Brushes
    • 16.11. Basic Image Copying
    • 16.12. Scaling and Rotating
    • 16.13. Points and Lines
    • 16.14. Special Effects Using imagefilter()
    • 16.15. Interlacing an Image
    • 16.16. Getting an Image's MIME Type
  • 17. Creating PDFs
    • 17.1. Getting Started
    • 17.2. Adding More Pages and More Style
    • 17.3. Adding Images
    • 17.4. PDF Special Effects
    • 17.5. Adding Document Data
  • 18. Creating Flash
    • 18.1. A Simple Movie
    • 18.2. Flash Text
    • 18.3. Actions
    • 18.4. Animation
  • 19. XML & XSLT
    • 19.1. SimpleXML
      • 19.1.1. XML Attributes
      • 19.1.2. Reading from a String
      • 19.1.3. Searching and Filtering with XPath
      • 19.1.4. Outputting XML
    • 19.2. Transforming XML Using XSLT
      • 19.2.1. An Example XSL Document
      • 19.2.2. Adding PHP to the Mix
  • 20. Network Programming
    • 20.1. Sockets
      • 20.1.1. Sockets Are Files
      • 20.1.2. Creating a Server
    • 20.2. HTTP
      • 20.2.1. Sending Custom Headers
      • 20.2.2. Reading Queued Headers
      • 20.2.3. Authentication Over HTTP
    • 20.3. Sending Mail
      • 20.3.1. MIME Types
      • 20.3.2. Easier Mail Sending with PEAR::Mail
      • 20.3.3. Sending Mixed-Type Messages with PEAR::Mail_Mime
      • 20.3.4. Sending Real Attachments
    • 20.4. Curl
      • 20.4.1. Installing Curl
      • 20.4.2. Your First Curl Script
      • 20.4.3. Trapping Return Values
      • 20.4.4. Using FTP to Send Data
      • 20.4.5. Sending Data Over HTTP
      • 20.4.6. The Abridged List of Curl Options
      • 20.4.7. Debugging Curl
  • 21. Distributing Your Code
    • 21.1. Cross-Platform Code 1: Loading Extensions
    • 21.2. Cross-Platform Code 2: Using Extensions
    • 21.3. Cross-Platform Code 3: Path and Line Separators
    • 21.4. Cross-Platform Code 4: Coping with php.ini Differences
    • 21.5. Cross-Platform Code 5: Checking the PHP Version with phpversion() and version_compare()
  • 22. Debugging
    • 22.1. The Most Basic Debugging Technique
    • 22.2. Making Assertions
    • 22.3. Triggering Your Own Errors
    • 22.4. Testing with php_check_syntax()
    • 22.5. Source Highlighting
    • 22.6. Handling MySQL Errors
    • 22.7. Exception Handling
    • 22.8. Backtracing Your Code
    • 22.9. Custom Error Handlers
    • 22.10. Custom Exception Handlers
    • 22.11. Using @ to Disable Errors
    • 22.12. phpinfo()
    • 22.13. Output Style
      • 22.13.1. Installing Tidy
  • 23. Performance
    • 23.1. Write Your Code Sensibly
    • 23.2. Use the Zend Optimizer
    • 23.3. Use a PHP Code Cache
    • 23.4. Compress Your Output
    • 23.5. Don't Use CGI
    • 23.6. Debug Your Code
    • 23.7. Use Persistent Connections
    • 23.8. Compile Right
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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