Designing Large Scale Lans

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• Designing Large-Scale LANs
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  • Preface
    • Audience
    • Organization
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Comments and Questions
    • Acknowledgments
  • 1. Networking Objectives
    • 1.1. Business Requirements
      • 1.1.1. Money
      • 1.1.2. Geography
      • 1.1.3. Installed Base
      • 1.1.4. Bandwidth
      • 1.1.5. Security
      • 1.1.6. Philosophical and Policy Requirements
    • 1.2. OSI Protocol Stack Model
      • 1.2.1. The Seven Layers
        • 1.2.1.1. Layer 1
        • 1.2.1.2. Layer 2
        • 1.2.1.3. Layer 3
        • 1.2.1.4. Layer 4
        • 1.2.1.5. Layer 5
        • 1.2.1.6. Layer 6
        • 1.2.1.7. Layer 7
      • 1.2.2. Where the OSI Model Breaks Down
    • 1.3. Routing Versus Bridging
    • 1.4. Top-Down Design Philosophy
  • 2. Elements of Reliability
    • 2.1. Defining Reliability
      • 2.1.1. Failure Is a Reliability Issue
      • 2.1.2. Performance Is a Reliability Issue
    • 2.2. Redundancy
      • 2.2.1. Guidelines for Implementing Redundancy
      • 2.2.2. Redundancy by Protocol Layer
      • 2.2.3. Multiple Simultaneous Failures
      • 2.2.4. Complexity and Manageability
      • 2.2.5. Automated Fault Recovery
        • 2.2.5.1. Always let network equipment perform network functions
        • 2.2.5.2. Intrinsic versus external automation
        • 2.2.5.3. Examples of automated fault recovery
        • 2.2.5.4. Fault tolerance through load balancing
        • 2.2.5.5. Avoid manual fault-recovery systems
      • 2.2.6. Isolating Single Points of Failure
      • 2.2.7. Predicting Your Most Common Failures
        • 2.2.7.1. Mean time between failures
        • 2.2.7.2. Multiple simultaneous failures
        • 2.2.7.3. Combining MTBF values
    • 2.3. Failure Modes
      • 2.3.1. Congestion
      • 2.3.2. Traffic Anomalies
      • 2.3.3. Software Problems
      • 2.3.4. Human Error
  • 3. Design Types
    • 3.1. Basic Topologies
      • 3.1.1. Basic Concepts
        • 3.1.1.1. Bus topology
        • 3.1.1.2. Ring topology
        • 3.1.1.3. Star topology
        • 3.1.1.4. Mesh Topology
      • 3.1.2. Scalability
    • 3.2. Reliability Mechanisms
      • 3.2.1. Spanning Tree
        • 3.2.1.1. Spanning Tree eliminates loops
        • 3.2.1.2. Spanning Tree activates backup links and devices
      • 3.2.2. Layer 3 Recovery Mechanisms
    • 3.3. VLANs
      • 3.3.1. Avoid Spaghetti VLANs
      • 3.3.2. Protocol-Based VLAN Systems
    • 3.4. Toward Larger Topologies
      • 3.4.1. Collapsed Backbone
        • 3.4.1.1. Why collapse a backbone?
        • 3.4.1.2. Backbone capacity
        • 3.4.1.3. Backbone redundancy
      • 3.4.2. Distributed Backbone
        • 3.4.2.1. Trunk capacity
        • 3.4.2.2. Trunk fault tolerance
      • 3.4.3. Switching Versus Routing
        • 3.4.3.1. Ancient history
        • 3.4.3.2. Modernizing the old rule
    • 3.5. Hierarchical Design
      • 3.5.1. Routing Strategies
        • 3.5.1.1. One-armed routers and Layer 3 switches
        • 3.5.1.2. Redundancy
          • 3.5.1.2.1. Router-to-router segments
          • 3.5.1.2.2. Physical diversity
        • 3.5.1.3. Filtering
          • 3.5.1.3.1. Filtering for security
          • 3.5.1.3.2. Filtering for application control
          • 3.5.1.3.3. Policy-based routing
      • 3.5.2. Switching and Bridging Strategies
        • 3.5.2.1. Containing broadcasts
        • 3.5.2.2. Redundancy in bridged networks
        • 3.5.2.3. Filtering
      • 3.5.3. VLAN-Based Topologies
        • 3.5.3.1. Trunk design
        • 3.5.3.2. Trunking through a router
        • 3.5.3.3. Trunks
          • 3.5.3.3.1. Trunk protocols
          • 3.5.3.3.2. Trunk redundancy
          • 3.5.3.3.3. Trunks on servers
        • 3.5.3.4. VLAN Distribution Areas
        • 3.5.3.5. Sizing VLAN Distribution Areas
    • 3.6. Implementing Reliability
      • 3.6.1. Multiple Connections
    • 3.7. Large-Scale LAN Topologies
      • 3.7.1. Routers in the Core Level
      • 3.7.2. Routers in the Distribution Level
      • 3.7.3. Routers in Both the Core and Distribution Levels
      • 3.7.4. Connecting Remote Sites
      • 3.7.5. General Comments on Large-Scale Topology
  • 4. Local Area Network Technologies
    • 4.1. Selecting Appropriate LAN Technology
      • 4.1.1. Cost Efficiency
      • 4.1.2. Installed Base
      • 4.1.3. Maintainability
      • 4.1.4. Performance
    • 4.2. Ethernet and Fast Ethernet
      • 4.2.1. Ethernet Framing Standards
        • 4.2.1.1. Ethernet addresses
      • 4.2.2. Collision Detection
      • 4.2.3. Hubs, Bridges, and Switches
      • 4.2.4. Transceivers
    • 4.3. Token Ring
      • 4.3.1. MAUs, Bridges, and Switches
    • 4.4. Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
      • 4.4.1. Gigabit to the Desk
      • 4.4.2. Gigabit as a Backbone Protocol
    • 4.5. ATM
      • 4.5.1. ATM LAN Services
    • 4.6. FDDI
    • 4.7. Wireless
    • 4.8. Firewalls and Gateways
    • 4.9. Structured Cabling
      • 4.9.1. Horizontal Cabling
      • 4.9.2. Vertical Cabling
  • 5. IP
    • 5.1. IP-Addressing Basics
    • 5.2. IP-Address Classes
    • 5.3. ARP and ICMP
      • 5.3.1. ARP
      • 5.3.2. ICMP
    • 5.4. Network Address Translation
    • 5.5. Multiple Subnet Broadcast
    • 5.6. General IP Design Strategies
      • 5.6.1. Unregistered Addresses
      • 5.6.2. IP Addressing Schemes
        • 5.6.2.1. Easily summarized ranges of addresses
        • 5.6.2.2. Sufficient capacity in each range
        • 5.6.2.3. Standard subnet masks for common uses
        • 5.6.2.4. Flexibility for future requirements
      • 5.6.3. The Default Gateway Question
    • 5.7. DNS and DHCP
  • 6. IP Dynamic Routing
    • 6.1. Static Routing
      • 6.1.1. Floating Static Routes
    • 6.2. Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
    • 6.3. RIP
      • 6.3.1. RIP Functionality
      • 6.3.2. Avoiding Loops
      • 6.3.3. Split Horizons in RIP
      • 6.3.4. Variable Subnet Masks
      • 6.3.5. Redistributing with Other Routing Protocols
    • 6.4. IGRP and EIGRP
      • 6.4.1. Basic Functionality
      • 6.4.2. Active and Stuck-in-Active Routes
      • 6.4.3. Interconnecting Autonomous Systems
      • 6.4.4. Redistributing with Other Routing Protocols
    • 6.5. OSPF
      • 6.5.1. Area Types
      • 6.5.2. Area Structures
      • 6.5.3. Interconnecting Autonomous Systems
      • 6.5.4. Redistributing with Other Routing Protocols
      • 6.5.5. IP Addressing Schemes for OSPF
      • 6.5.6. OSPF Costs
    • 6.6. BGP
      • 6.6.1. Autonomous System Numbers
      • 6.6.2. Where to Use BGP
  • 7. IPX
    • 7.1. Dynamic Routing
      • 7.1.1. Novell RIP and SAP
      • 7.1.2. EIGRP
      • 7.1.3. NLSP
    • 7.2. General IPX Design Strategies
      • 7.2.1. IPX Addressing Schemes
      • 7.2.2. RIP and SAP Accumulation Zones
      • 7.2.3. Efficiency in IPX Networks
  • 8. Elements of Efficiency
    • 8.1. Using Equipment Features Effectively
    • 8.2. Hop Counts
    • 8.3. MTU Throughout the Network
    • 8.4. Bottlenecks and Congestion
    • 8.5. Filtering
    • 8.6. Quality of Service and Traffic Shaping
      • 8.6.1. QoS Basics
      • 8.6.2. Layer 2 and Layer 3 QoS
      • 8.6.3. Buffering and Queuing
      • 8.6.4. Integrated and Differentiated Services
        • 8.6.4.1. Assured Forwarding in Differentiated Services
        • 8.6.4.2. Expedited Forwarding in Differentiated Services
      • 8.6.5. IP TOS and Diffserv DSCP
      • 8.6.6. Traffic Shaping
      • 8.6.7. Defining Traffic Types
      • 8.6.8. RSVP
      • 8.6.9. Network-Design Considerations
  • 9. Network Management
    • 9.1. Network-Management Components
      • 9.1.1. Configuration Management
      • 9.1.2. Fault Management
      • 9.1.3. Performance Management
      • 9.1.4. Security Management
      • 9.1.5. Accounting Management
    • 9.2. Designing a Manageable Network
    • 9.3. SNMP
      • 9.3.1. How to Monitor
      • 9.3.2. What to Monitor
      • 9.3.3. Ad Hoc SNMP
      • 9.3.4. Automated Activities
    • 9.4. Management Problems
      • 9.4.1. DHCP
      • 9.4.2. Architectural Problems
        • 9.4.2.1. VLAN structures
        • 9.4.2.2. LAN extension
        • 9.4.2.3. Filtering
        • 9.4.2.4. Firewalls
        • 9.4.2.5. Redundancy features
        • 9.4.2.6. Tunnels
      • 9.4.3. Out-of-Band Management Techniques
  • 10. Special Topics
    • 10.1. IP Multicast Networks
      • 10.1.1. Multicast Addressing
      • 10.1.2. Multicast Services
      • 10.1.3. IGMP
      • 10.1.4. Group Membership
      • 10.1.5. Multicast Routing
        • 10.1.5.1. MOSPF
        • 10.1.5.2. DVMRP
        • 10.1.5.3. PIM
        • 10.1.5.4. BGMP
      • 10.1.6. Network-Design Considerations for Multicast Networks
        • 10.1.6.1. Multicast administrative zones
        • 10.1.6.2. Multicast and QoS
    • 10.2. IPv6
      • 10.2.1. Header Structure
      • 10.2.2. Addressing
      • 10.2.3. Quality of Service
      • 10.2.4. Security
      • 10.2.5. Autoconfiguration
      • 10.2.6. Multicast and Anycast
      • 10.2.7. Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6
    • 10.3. Security
      • 10.3.1. Hub and Switch Port-Level Security
      • 10.3.2. Filtering Traffic
      • 10.3.3. IPsec
  • A. Appendix: Combining Probabilities
  • Glossary
  • Bibliography
    • Books and Articles
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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