The importance of social innovations in the knowledge-based economy in the context of footwear sector solutions

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Introductory Notes 9

Chapter 1
The Importance of Social Innovation in the Knowledge-based Economy 11
1.1. The Importance of Social Innovation in the Innovation Ecosystem 11
1.2. Innovation Booster in the Enterprise 18
1.3. Social Innovation Booster Pre-conditions and Implementation Prospects 29
1.4. The Role of Social Innovation in Ensuring the Societal Security 32
1.5. Possible Funding Sources for Social Innovation in the Programming Period 2021–2027 34

Chapter 2
Footwear Innovation to Improve the Comfort of Use 51
2.1. Definition of the Comfort of Footwear Users and Improvement Prospects 51
2.2. Antimicrobial Protection 58
2.3. Modification of Footwear Materials By Means of Natural and Safe Substances of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties 60
2.3.1. Safety of cinnamon, peppermint and oregano essential oils in the context of toxic effects on human health and the natural environment. Comparison with commercial preparations 60
2.4. Encapsulation as a method of extending the activity of active ingredients applied to light industry materials 79
2.4.1. Basic Encapsulation Concepts 79
2.4.2. Microencapsulation Techniques 80
2.4.3. Encapsulating/Coating Materials 82
2.4.4. Release Methods 84
2.4.5. Application of Microcapsules to Light Industry Materials 85
2.4.6. Development of the Microencapsulation Method for Cinnamon Oil 87
2.4.7. Application of Microcapsules to Carrier Materials (Leather, Cotton) 91
2.4.8. Microbiological Activity of Materials Modified with Microcapsules Containing Cinnamon Oil 91
2.4.9. Durability of Carrier Materials Modified by Means of Microcapsules 99
2.5. Self-cleaning Properties of Light Industry Materials Exemplified by Cotton Fabric and Velour Leather – Inspired by Nature 100
2.5.1. The Method of Obtaining Textile Fabric with Self-cleaning and Antimicrobial Properties 102
2.5.2. Characterisation Methods 103
2.6. Auxetic Structures Used in Footwear and Clothing Materials 112

Chapter 3
Utilisation of Production Residue from the Footwear and Clothing Industry 121
3.1. Characteristics of the Footwear and Clothing Industry in terms of Waste Management 121
3.1.1. Implementation of the Principles of Sustainable Development 127
3.1.2. Utilisation of Production Residue 133
3.1.2.2. IPS21 Strain 142
3.1.3. Activities for the Benefit of the Local Community 145
3.2. Unit Processes for Selected Waste Disposal Management Methods in the Tanning Industry 147
3.2.1. Purpose of the Work 149
3.2.2. Identification of Prospective Application Areas for Tanning Residue, Given the Related Properties 149
3.2.3. Optimisation of Respective Unit Processes in the Field of Waste Management (i.e. Screening, Pressureless Granulation, Mixing) 153
3.2.4. Verification of New solutions Based on Tannery Waste (i.e., Composites Based on Shavings and Mineral Additives, Granules and Seed Coatings Based on Collagen Preparations Obtained from Tannery Waste) 161
3.2.5. Overview of the Obtained Results in terms of Application Prospects in Industrial Practice 170

Chapter 4
Lower limbs. Ontogenesis, anatomy, deformations 173
4.1. Ontogenetic development of lower limbs in children 173
4.2. Children’s feet deformations 175
4.2.1. Clubfoot (congenital) 177
4.2.2. Adjusted foot (congenital) 179
4.2.3. Congenital flat foot 180
4.2.4. Heel foot 180
4.2.5. Congenital extension of the knee joint 181
4.3. Podiatry screening of children at preschool and school age 181
4.3.1. Research method 181
4.3.2. 3D scanner-based screening 181
4.3.3. Anthropometric measurements of the feet 182
4.3.4. Orthopaedic assessment 183
4.4. Test results and data analysis 186
4.4.1. 3D scanner-based screening 186
4.4.1.1. Characteristics of the population 186
4.4.1.2. 3D scanner-based screening – results of anthropometric measurements by gender 187
4.4.2. Orthopedic assessment 188
4.4.2.1. Characteristic of the population 188
4.4.2.2. Data analysis 189
4.4.2.2.1. Knee alignment 189
4.4.2.2.2. Heel alignment 191
4.4.2.2.3. Forefoot alignment 192
4.4.2.2.4. Positioning the first toe andothers toes 194
4.4.2.2.5. Shape of the longitudinal arch 195
4.5. Principles of selection and assessment of children’s shoes 196
4.5.1. Adjusting the shoes to the length of the foot 196
4.6. Evaluation of children’s shoes 202
4.6.1. Control of the last dimensions and shape 203
4.6.2. Verification of footwear design 206

Chapter 5
Social and Economic Benefits Assessment in Terms of Social Innovation 211
5.1. Assessment Benefits Derived from Social Innovation in the Polish Economic Reality 211
5.2. Description of Research Methodology and Tools 236
5.3. Perception of Social Innovation – Surveying Outcome 239
5.4. Social Innovation Development Prospects until 2050 249

Conclusion 261
References 265
List of tables, schemes, figures and charts 285

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