Introducing Python. Modern Computing in Simple Packages. 2nd Edition

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• Preface
  • Audience
  • Changes in the Second Edition
  • Outline
  • Python Versions
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• I. Python Basics
• 1. A Taste of Py
  • Mysteries
  • Little Programs
  • A Bigger Program
  • Python in the Real World
  • Python Versus the Language from Planet X
  • Why Python?
  • Why Not Python?
  • Python 2 Versus Python 3
  • Installing Python
  • Running Python
    • Using the Interactive Interpreter
    • Using Python Files
    • Whats Next?
  • Your Moment of Zen
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 2. Data: Types, Values, Variables, and Names
  • Python Data Are Objects
  • Types
  • Mutability
  • Literal Values
  • Variables
  • Assignment
  • Variables Are Names, Not Places
  • Assigning to Multiple Names
  • Reassigning a Name
  • Copying
  • Choose Good Variable Names
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 3. Numbers
  • Booleans
  • Integers
    • Literal Integers
    • Integer Operations
    • Integers and Variables
    • Precedence
    • Bases
    • Type Conversions
    • How Big Is an int?
  • Floats
  • Math Functions
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 4. Choose with if
  • Comment with #
  • Continue Lines with \
  • Compare with if, elif, and else
  • What Is True?
  • Do Multiple Comparisons with in
  • New: I Am the Walrus
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 5. Text Strings
  • Create with Quotes
  • Create with str()
  • Escape with \
  • Combine by Using +
  • Duplicate with *
  • Get a Character with []
  • Get a Substring with a Slice
  • Get Length with len()
  • Split with split()
  • Combine by Using join()
  • Substitute by Using replace()
  • Strip with strip()
  • Search and Select
  • Case
  • Alignment
  • Formatting
    • Old style: %
    • New style: {} and format()
    • Newest Style: f-strings
  • More String Things
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 6. Loop with while and for
  • Repeat with while
    • Cancel with break
    • Skip Ahead with continue
    • Check break Use with else
  • Iterate with for and in
    • Cancel with break
    • Skip with continue
    • Check break Use with else
    • Generate Number Sequences with range()
  • Other Iterators
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 7. Tuples and Lists
  • Tuples
    • Create with Commas and ()
    • Create with tuple()
    • Combine Tuples by Using +
    • Duplicate Items with *
    • Compare Tuples
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Modify a Tuple
  • Lists
    • Create with []
    • Create or Convert with list()
    • Create from a String with split()
    • Get an Item by [ offset ]
    • Get Items with a Slice
    • Add an Item to the End with append()
    • Add an Item by Offset with insert()
    • Duplicate All Items with *
    • Combine Lists by Using extend() or +
    • Change an Item by [ offset ]
    • Change Items with a Slice
    • Delete an Item by Offset with del
    • Delete an Item by Value with remove()
    • Get an Item by Offset and Delete It with pop()
    • Delete All Items with clear()
    • Find an Items Offset by Value with index()
    • Test for a Value with in
    • Count Occurrences of a Value with count()
    • Convert a List to a String with join()
    • Reorder Items with sort() or sorted()
    • Get Length with len()
    • Assign with =
    • Copy with copy(), list(), or a Slice
    • Copy Everything with deepcopy()
    • Compare Lists
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
    • Create a List with a Comprehension
    • Lists of Lists
  • Tuples Versus Lists
  • There Are No Tuple Comprehensions
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 8. Dictionaries and Sets
  • Dictionaries
    • Create with {}
    • Create with dict()
    • Convert with dict()
    • Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
    • Get an Item by [key] or with get()
    • Get All Keys with keys()
    • Get All Values with values()
    • Get All Key-Value Pairs with items()
    • Get Length with len()
    • Combine Dictionaries with {**a, **b}
    • Combine Dictionaries with update()
    • Delete an Item by Key with del
    • Get an Item by Key and Delete It with pop()
    • Delete All Items with clear()
    • Test for a Key with in
    • Assign with =
    • Copy with copy()
    • Copy Everything with deepcopy()
    • Compare Dictionaries
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Dictionary Comprehensions
  • Sets
    • Create with set()
    • Convert with set()
    • Get Length with len()
    • Add an Item with add()
    • Delete an Item with remove()
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Test for a Value with in
    • Combinations and Operators
    • Set Comprehensions
    • Create an Immutable Set with frozenset()
  • Data Structures So Far
  • Make Bigger Data Structures
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 9. Functions
  • Define a Function with def
  • Call a Function with Parentheses
  • Arguments and Parameters
    • None Is Useful
    • Positional Arguments
    • Keyword Arguments
    • Specify Default Parameter Values
    • Explode/Gather Positional Arguments with *
    • Explode/Gather Keyword Arguments with **
    • Keyword-Only Arguments
    • Mutable and Immutable Arguments
  • Docstrings
  • Functions Are First-Class Citizens
  • Inner Functions
    • Closures
  • Anonymous Functions: lambda
  • Generators
    • Generator Functions
    • Generator Comprehensions
  • Decorators
  • Namespaces and Scope
  • Uses of _ and __ in Names
  • Recursion
  • Async Functions
  • Exceptions
    • Handle Errors with try and except
    • Make Your Own Exceptions
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 10. Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
  • What Are Objects?
  • Simple Objects
    • Define a Class with class
    • Attributes
    • Methods
    • Initialization
  • Inheritance
    • Inherit from a Parent Class
    • Override a Method
    • Add a Method
    • Get Help from Your Parent with super()
    • Multiple Inheritance
    • Mixins
  • In self Defense
  • Attribute Access
    • Direct Access
    • Getters and Setters
    • Properties for Attribute Access
    • Properties for Computed Values
    • Name Mangling for Privacy
    • Class and Object Attributes
  • Method Types
    • Instance Methods
    • Class Methods
    • Static Methods
  • Duck Typing
  • Magic Methods
  • Aggregation and Composition
  • When to Use Objects or Something Else
  • Named Tuples
  • Dataclasses
  • Attrs
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 11. Modules, Packages, and Goodies
  • Modules and the import Statement
    • Import a Module
    • Import a Module with Another Name
    • Import Only What You Want from a Module
  • Packages
    • The Module Search Path
    • Relative and Absolute Imports
    • Namespace Packages
    • Modules Versus Objects
  • Goodies in the Python Standard Library
    • Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
    • Count Items with Counter()
    • Order by Key with OrderedDict()
    • Stack + Queue == deque
    • Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
    • Print Nicely with pprint()
    • Get Random
  • More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• II. Python in Practice
• 12. Wrangle and Mangle Data
  • Text Strings: Unicode
    • Python 3 Unicode Strings
    • UTF-8
    • Encode
    • Decode
    • HTML Entities
    • Normalization
    • For More Information
  • Text Strings: Regular Expressions
    • Find Exact Beginning Match with match()
    • Find First Match with search()
    • Find All Matches with findall()
    • Split at Matches with split()
    • Replace at Matches with sub()
    • Patterns: Special Characters
    • Patterns: Using Specifiers
    • Patterns: Specifying match() Output
  • Binary Data
    • bytes and bytearray
    • Convert Binary Data with struct
    • Other Binary Data Tools
    • Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
    • Bit Operators
  • A Jewelry Analogy
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 13. Calendars and Clocks
  • Leap Year
  • The datetime Module
  • Using the time Module
  • Read and Write Dates and Times
  • All the Conversions
  • Alternative Modules
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 14. Files and Directories
  • File Input and Output
    • Create or Open with open()
    • Write a Text File with print()
    • Write a Text File with write()
    • Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
    • Write a Binary File with write()
    • Read a Binary File with read()
    • Close Files Automatically by Using with
    • Change Position with seek()
  • Memory Mapping
  • File Operations
    • Check Existence with exists()
    • Check Type with isfile()
    • Copy with copy()
    • Change Name with rename()
    • Link with link() or symlink()
    • Change Permissions with chmod()
    • Change Ownership with chown()
    • Delete a File with remove()
  • Directory Operations
    • Create with mkdir()
    • Delete with rmdir()
    • List Contents with listdir()
    • Change Current Directory with chdir()
    • List Matching Files with glob()
  • Pathnames
    • Get a Pathname with abspath()
    • Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
    • Build a Pathname with os.path.join()
    • Use pathlib
  • BytesIO and StringIO
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 15. Data in Time: Processes and Concurrency
  • Programs and Processes
    • Create a Process with subprocess
    • Create a Process with multiprocessing
    • Kill a Process with terminate()
    • Get System Info with os
    • Get Process Info with psutil
  • Command Automation
    • Invoke
    • Other Command Helpers
  • Concurrency
    • Queues
    • Processes
    • Threads
    • concurrent.futures
    • Green Threads and gevent
    • twisted
    • asyncio
    • Redis
    • Beyond Queues
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 16. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
  • Flat Text Files
  • Padded Text Files
  • Tabular Text Files
    • CSV
    • XML
    • An XML Security Note
    • HTML
    • JSON
    • YAML
    • Tablib
    • Pandas
    • Configuration Files
  • Binary Files
    • Padded Binary Files and Memory Mapping
    • Spreadsheets
    • HDF5
    • TileDB
  • Relational Databases
    • SQL
    • DB-API
    • SQLite
    • MySQL
    • PostgreSQL
    • SQLAlchemy
      • The engine layer
      • The SQL Expression Language
      • The Object-Relational Mapper (ORM)
    • Other Database Access Packages
  • NoSQL Data Stores
    • The dbm Family
    • Memcached
    • Redis
      • Strings
      • Lists
      • Hashes
      • Sets
      • Sorted sets
      • Caches and expiration
    • Document Databases
    • Time Series Databases
    • Graph Databases
    • Other NoSQL
  • Full-Text Databases
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 17. Data in Space: Networks
  • TCP/IP
    • Sockets
    • Scapy
    • Netcat
  • Networking Patterns
  • The Request-Reply Pattern
    • ZeroMQ
    • Other Messaging Tools
  • The Publish-Subscribe Pattern
    • Redis
    • ZeroMQ
    • Other Pub-Sub Tools
  • Internet Services
    • Domain Name System
    • Python Email Modules
    • Other Protocols
  • Web Services and APIs
  • Data Serialization
    • Serialize with pickle
    • Other Serialization Formats
  • Remote Procedure Calls
    • XML RPC
    • JSON RPC
    • MessagePack RPC
    • Zerorpc
    • gRPC
    • Twirp
  • Remote Management Tools
  • Big Fat Data
    • Hadoop
    • Spark
    • Disco
    • Dask
  • Clouds
    • Amazon Web Services
    • Google Cloud
    • Microsoft Azure
    • OpenStack
  • Docker
    • Kubernetes
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 18. The Web, Untangled
  • Web Clients
    • Test with telnet
    • Test with curl
    • Test with httpie
    • Test with httpbin
    • Pythons Standard Web Libraries
    • Beyond the Standard Library: requests
  • Web Servers
    • The Simplest Python Web Server
    • Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI)
    • ASGI
    • Apache
    • NGINX
    • Other Python Web Servers
  • Web Server Frameworks
    • Bottle
    • Flask
      • Pass an argument as part of the URL path
    • Django
    • Other Frameworks
  • Database Frameworks
  • Web Services and Automation
    • webbrowser
    • webview
  • Web APIs and REST
  • Crawl and Scrape
    • Scrapy
    • BeautifulSoup
    • Requests-HTML
  • Lets Watch a Movie
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 19. Be a Pythonista
  • About Programming
  • Find Python Code
  • Install Packages
    • Use pip
    • Use virtualenv
    • Use pipenv
    • Use a Package Manager
    • Install from Source
  • Integrated Development Environments
    • IDLE
    • PyCharm
    • IPython
    • Jupyter Notebook
    • JupyterLab
  • Name and Document
  • Add Type Hints
  • Test
    • Check with pylint, pyflakes, flake8, or pep8
    • Test with unittest
    • Test with doctest
    • Test with nose
    • Other Test Frameworks
    • Continuous Integration
  • Debug Python Code
    • Use print()
    • Use Decorators
    • Use pdb
    • Use breakpoint()
  • Log Error Messages
  • Optimize
    • Measure Timing
    • Algorithms and Data Structures
    • Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions
    • PyPy
    • Numba
  • Source Control
    • Mercurial
    • Git
  • Distribute Your Programs
  • Clone This Book
  • How You Can Learn More
    • Books
    • Websites
    • Groups
    • Conferences
    • Getting a Python Job
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 20. Py Art
  • 2-D Graphics
    • Standard Library
    • PIL and Pillow
    • ImageMagick
  • 3-D Graphics
  • 3-D Animation
  • Graphical User Interfaces
  • Plots, Graphs, and Visualization
    • Matplotlib
    • Seaborn
    • Bokeh
  • Games
  • Audio and Music
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 21. Py at Work
  • The Microsoft Office Suite
  • Carrying Out Business Tasks
  • Processing Business Data
    • Extracting, Transforming, and Loading
    • Data Validation
    • Additional Sources of Information
  • Open Source Python Business Packages
  • Python in Finance
  • Business Data Security
  • Maps
    • Formats
    • Draw a Map from a Shapefile
    • Geopandas
    • Other Mapping Packages
    • Applications and Data
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• 22. Py Sci
  • Math and Statistics in the Standard Library
    • Math Functions
    • Working with Complex Numbers
    • Calculate Accurate Floating Point with decimal
    • Perform Rational Arithmetic with fractions
    • Use Packed Sequences with array
    • Handling Simple Stats with statistics
    • Matrix Multiplication
  • Scientific Python
  • NumPy
    • Make an Array with array()
    • Make an Array with arange()
    • Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
    • Change an Arrays Shape with reshape()
    • Get an Element with []
    • Array Math
    • Linear Algebra
  • SciPy
  • SciKit
  • Pandas
  • Python and Scientific Areas
  • Coming Up
  • Things to Do
• A. Hardware and Software for Beginning Programmers
  • Hardware
    • Caveman Computers
    • Electricity
    • Inventions
    • An Idealized Computer
    • The CPU
    • Memory and Caches
    • Storage
    • Inputs
    • Outputs
    • Relative Access Times
  • Software
    • In the Beginning Was the Bit
    • Machine Language
    • Assembler
    • Higher-Level Languages
    • Operating Systems
    • Virtual Machines
    • Containers
    • Distributed Computing and Networks
    • The Cloud
    • Kubernetes
• B. Install Python 3
  • Check Your Python Version
  • Install Standard Python
    • macOS
    • Windows
    • Linux or Unix
  • Install the pip Package Manager
  • Install virtualenv
  • Other Packaging Solutions
  • Install Anaconda
    • Install Anacondas Package Manager conda
• C. Something Completely Different: Async
  • Coroutines and Event Loops
  • Asyncio Alternatives
  • Async Versus
  • Async Frameworks and Servers
• D. Answers to Exercises
  • 1. A Taste of Py
  • 2. Data: Types, Values, Variables, and Names
  • 3. Numbers
  • 4. Choose with if
  • 5. Text Strings
  • 6. Loop with while and for
  • 7. Tuples and Lists
  • 8. Dictionaries
  • 9. Functions
  • 10. Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
  • 11. Modules, Packages, and Goodies
  • 12. Wrangle and Mangle Data
  • 13. Calendars and Clocks
  • 14. Files and Directories
  • 15. Data in Time: Processes and Concurrency
  • 16. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
  • 17. Data in Space: Networks
  • 18. The Web, Untangled
  • 19. Be a Pythonista
  • 20. Py Art
  • 21. Py at Work
  • 22. PySci
• E. Cheat Sheets
  • Operator Precedence
  • String Methods
    • Change Case
    • Search
    • Modify
    • Format
    • String Type
  • String Module Attributes
  • Coda
• Index

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