EU-Tobacco Industry Agreements and Beyond

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................ 5

FUNDING................................................................................................................................... 5

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 6
   1. The types of illicit trade in tobacco products in the EU............................................ 6
   2. The EU Commission and illicit trade in tobacco products....................................... 7
   3. The aim and structure of this study.............................................................................. 7
2. THE HISTORY AND CONTENT OF THE FOUR INDUSTRY

AGREEMENTS.................................................................................................................. 9

1. 1. The history...................................................................................................................... 9
   2. Key forward-looking provisions of the PMI Agreement....................................... 10
   3. Other significant provisions and outcomes of the PMI Agreement...................... 11
   4. The subsequent Industry Agreements with JTI, BAT and ITL.............................. 12
   5. The amendments to the PMI Agreement.................................................................. 13
2. BENEFITS OF THE FOUR INDUSTRY AGREEMENTS................................ 14
   1. The benefits to the EC and its Member States......................................................... 14
   2. The benefits to the four tobacco manufacturers...................................................... 14
3. CRITICISMS OF THE FOUR AGREEMENTS.................................................... 16
   1. An introduction to the in-principle criticisms.......................................................... 16
   2. The criticisms and the responses by the Commission............................................. 17
      1. Criticism of co-operation with the tobacco industry.................................... 17
      2. Criticisms of the agreements............................................................................ 17
      3. Criticisms about transparency, accountability and oversight...................... 18
      4. Criticisms on the management of the agreements......................................... 19
      5. Criticisms related to reliance on the tobacco manufacturers....................... 19
      6. Criticisms related to the alleged effect of the agreements on illicit trade

in the EU............................................................................................................. 20

1. THE TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PMI AGREEMENT BY THE COMMISSION 21
2. THE LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO FCTC.... 23
   1. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).................................... 24
      1. The negotiating history of Article 5.3............................................................. 24
      2. Comment on the wording of FCTC Article 5.3............................................. 26
      3. The development of the Article 5.3 Guidelines............................................. 27
      4. A note on the legal status of FCTC Guidelines.............................................. 27
      5. The context in which the Article 5.3 Guidelines were adopted................... 29
      6. FCTC Article 5.3 Guidelines as relevant to cooperation with the industry .. 29
      7. The measures listed in the FCTC Article 5.3 Guidelines............................. 30
      8. The key questions relating to measures and recommendations................... 31
   2. The Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.................................. 32

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1. 1. 1. The incorporation of FCTC Article 5.3 in the Illicit Trade Protocol........... 32
      2. Other relevant references.................................................................................. 33
      3. The application of Article 5.3 to cooperation with the tobacco industry on control of illicit trade 35
2. THE POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF ARTICLE 5.3 OF THE WHO

FCTC.................................................................................................................................... 37

1. 1. The nature of the FCTC being a so-called framework convention....................... 37
   2. The FCTC approach to Article 5.3 over time........................................................... 39
   3. The political impact of these developments in the area of illicit trade in tobacco products 43
2. THE STATUS AND TRENDS ON ILLICIT TRADE IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS IN THE EU 44
   1. The accuracy of research on the overall levels of illicit trade................................ 45
      1. Data from the EU Commission on seizures of products from the four contracting tobacco companies 45
      2. Data from the EU Commission on overall seizures...................................... 47
      3. Data from the EU Commission on seizures of ‘cheap whites’ 2012-2014... 47
      4. Project Stella Data............................................................................................. 48
   2. The conclusions from the EU Commission on overall trends............................... 50
   3. The common ground of conclusions of EU Commission and Project Stella........ 51
   4. Questions to be considered......................................................................................... 52
3. THE IMPACT OF TPD 2014 ON CONTROL OF ILLICIT TRADE IN TOBACCO 53
   1. The applicable provisions of the 2014 Tobacco Products Directive..................... 53
   2. The cooperation of the EU with the tobacco industry............................................ 57
   3. The benefits potentially lost through the expiry and non-renewal of the Industry

Agreements.................................................................................................................. 58

1. 1. The emerging picture in the new reality................................................................... 61
2. THE OPTIMAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EU AND THE INDUSTRY: RECOMMENDATIONS 62
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................................................................... 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 66

Legal acts.............................................................................................................................. 66

Agreements.......................................................................................................................... 66

Case of law........................................................................................................................... 67

List of EU official documents............................................................................................ 67

List of WHO official documents....................................................................................... 68

Other official information materials................................................................................. 71

Scientific publications........................................................................................................ 72

Netography........................................................................................................................... 73

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. 76

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