Compendium on ElectroMagnetic Compatibility

Spis treści ebooka

Foreword 9

1. Fundamental terms, definitions and tools 13

1.1. Electromagnetic environment 13

1.1.1. Perception and consequences of embedding in the environment 13

1.1.2. European regulation relating to electromagnetic compatibility 16

1.2. dB, or not dB, that is the question 19

1.2.1. Floating decibels 19

1.2.2. Bonded decibels 21

1.3. Electrical dimension 23

1.4. Power (impedance) matching 25

1.5. Scattering matrix 30

1.5.1. Insertion loss versus voltage loss 31

1.5.2. Derivation of a one-port impedance 33

1.6. Modal description of transmission lines 35

1.6.1. Delta-T transposition 35

1.6.2. Modal circuit 36

1.6.3. Decomposition of currents in multiwire lines 39

1.7. What actually R, L, C one-ports are? 40

1.7.1. Wire wound resistor 41

1.7.2. Metal film resistor 42

1.7.3. Film capacitor 43

1.7.4. High frequency choke 44

1.8. In bush of the pulse parameters 45

1.8.1. Measurable pulse parameters 46

1.8.2. Calculable pulse parameters 46

1.9. Waveforms in the time and frequency domain 47

1.9.1. Fourier series 47

1.9.2. Fourier integral 50

1.9.3. Amplitude Modulation 50

Contents

2. Low-frequency current and voltage disturbances 55

2.1. Current harmonics 56

2.2. Flicker 57

2.3. Characteristic of main’s voltage 60

2.3.1. Harmonics 60

2.3.2. Unbalance 61

2.3.3. Dips and interruptions 63

2.3.4. Commutation notches 64

2.4. Solar storm 65

3. Radio-frequency electromagnetic disturbances 69

3.1. Sequence of toggled DC voltage 69

3.1.1. Rectangular waveform 69

3.1.2. Pulse modulation, radar pulsing 72

3.1.3. Trapezoidal waveform 74

3.1.4. Damped oscillatory waveform 77

3.2. Single events – pulses 80

3.2.1. Electric discharge in gases 80

3.2.2. Spectral density of triangle pulse 84

3.2.3. Discharge of static electricity 86

3.2.4. Electric fast transients BURST 90

3.2.5. Lightning discharges 92

3.2.6. Nuclear/High-altitude ElectroMagnetic Pulse 97

3.3. Relevance of the frequency bandwidth BW 101

4. Propagation of disturbances 103

4.1. Examples of unsymmetrical and symmetrical transmission 104

4.2. Galvanic coupling 106

4.2.1. Internal impedance of round wire 108

4.2.2. Internal impedance of conductor with rectangular cross section 111

4.2.3. Precedence of rectangular over round wire common return path 113

4.3. Electric (capacitive) and magnetic (inductive) coupling 115

4.3.1. Capacitive coupling 115

4.3.2. Inductive coupling 116

4.3.3. Dependence of capacitance and external loop inductance on cross section’s shape 117

Capacitive and inductive coupling by symmetrical transmission 119

4.3.4. Transverse to longitudinal conversion 120

Decomposition of currents into common and differential mode 122

4.4. Wave coupling 124

4.4.1. Radiated waves 124

Idealized entities as elementary radiators 124

Field probes 129

Antennas 131

Reciprocity theorem 149

Unintentional antennas 150

4.4.2. Guided waves 152

5. Protection from disturbances 157

5.1. LF filtering 157

Passive filters 157

Active filters 159

5.2. RF filtering 160

5.2.1. Overlying the useful voltage with disturbances 160

5.2.2. Ingredients of filters 162

5.3. Non linear suppressors 169

5.4. Shielding 173

5.4.1. Static and quasi-static fields 174

Metal shields 174

Shielding with diamagnetics and ferromagnetics 177

5.4.2. RF shielding in the far field zone   179

Feed-throughs and apertures in RF shields 188

5.4.3. Cable shielding 189

5.5. Miscellaneous 193

5.5.1. Potential bonding vs. galvanic separation 193

5.5.2. Cable shield termination 195

5.5.3. Cabling with improved electromagnetic compatibility 196

Twisted pair 196

Ribbon cable 198

Cable layout 198

Bibliography 201

List of abbreviations 205

Index 207

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