Switching effects Franciszek Krok, Krystian Roleder, Krzysztof S. Szot

Spis treści książki

• Cover
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Table of contents
• Introduction
• 1. An Introduction to the Crystal Structures of Oxide Perovskites
  • 1.1. Atomic Displacements
  • 1.2. Octahedral Tilting
  • 1.3. Distortion Modes
  • References
• 2. Growth of ABO3 and BO2 Crystals
  • 2.1. Theory of Crystal Growth
    • 2.1.1. Equilibrium Conditions
  • 2.2. Phase Diagrams of Model Oxides. Major Challenges in Crystal Growth of Stoichiometric Oxide Crystals
    • 2.2.1. Gibbs Phase Rule
    • 2.2.2. Phase Diagrams
    • 2.2.3. Nonstoichiometric Oxides
  • 2.3. Techniques of Growth of Selected Binary and Ternary Oxide Crystals
  • 2.4. Typical Methods for Evaluation of Quality of Oxide Crystals
    • 2.4.1. Stoichiometric TiO2
    • 2.4.2. Perovskite Structure
  • References
• 3. Defect Chemistry in Binary and Ternary Metal Oxides
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Imperfect Crystals
  • 3.3. Quasi-chemical Defect Reactions
  • 3.4. Types of Point Defects
  • 3.5. Thermodynamic Approach
  • 3.6. Nonstoichiometry
  • 3.7. Aggregations of Point Defects and Extended Defects
  • 3.8. Ideal Point Defect Model
    • 3.8.1. Case of Ni1yO
    • 3.8.2. Case of BaTiO3y
    • 3.8.3. Case of Zirconia-based Materials
    • 3.8.4. Defect Structure of YSZ
  • 3.9. Debye-Hückel Defect Model
    • 3.9.1. Co1yO Case
  • 3.10. Cluster Model
    • 3.10.1. Defect Clustering in the Wustite Phase
  • 3.11. Crystallographic Shearing
  • 3.12. Defect Structure of Titanium Dioxide
    • 3.12.1. Extended Defects in TiO2
  • 3.13. Hydrogen Defects
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 4. Self-Polarization of Ferroelectric Thin Films and Its Influence on the Film Properties
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Free Energy Functional
  • 4.3. Renormalized Free Energy and Properties for One Component Polarization P = PZ
  • 4.4. The Influence of Built-in Electric Field on the Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films for the Case P = PZ
  • 4.5. Phase Diagrams with Electret State and Properties for the Case of Three Polarization Components
  • 4.6. Comparison with Experiment and Summary of Sec. 5 Results
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 5. Lattice Dynamics of Perovskite Oxides
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Early Attempts to Model Ferroelectric Perovskites
  • 5.3. Polarizability Effects in Perovskites
  • 5.4. The Polarizability Model for Perovskites
  • 5.5. Applications of the Model
  • 5.6. Precursor Effects to the Phase Transitions
  • Conclusions
  • References
• 6. Metrology and Measurement Techniques
  • 6.1. Electrical Properties of Nanoscale Solids
    • 6.1.1. Measurement of Electrical and Magnetic Material Properties
    • 6.1.2. The Piezoelectric Effect
  • 6.2. Design of Measurement Setups
    • 6.2.1. General Considerations
    • 6.2.2. Active Amplifier Circuits
    • 6.2.3. Measurement Methods for Ferroelectric Properties
    • 6.2.4. Laser Interferometers
  • References
• 7. Multiferroics
  • Abstract
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. A Brief History of Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics
  • 7.3. Symmetries and Orderings in Multiferroics
  • 7.4. Theory of Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroics
  • 7.5. Magnetoelectric Multiferroics
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 8. Electronic Correlations and Metal-Insulator Transitions
  • 8.1. Introduction: The Meaning of Localization Delocalization Transitions in Solids with Examples
    • 8.1.2. Crystallization of Liquid 3He as Mott-Hubbard Transition
    • 8.1.2. Localization-Delocalization Transition of Ultracold Atoms
    • 8.1.3. Metal-Insulator Transition in Doped V2O3
  • 8.2. Elementary Approach to the Metal-Insulator (Mott-Hubbard) Transitions
    • 8.2.1. Normal metal as a Landau Fermi liquid: basic characteristics
    • 8.2.2. Mott-Wigner Criterion of Localization
    • 8.2.3 Localization on the Lattice: Hubbard Model
    • 8.2.4. Quantitative Discussion of the Metal-Insulator Transition
    • 8.2.5. Quasiparticle Representation of Correlated-Electron System and the Phase Diagram
    • 8.2.6. Mott-Hubbard Localization in Correlated Nanoscopic Systems
  • 8.3. Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 9. Nature of the Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Chemical Defects Deviation from Stoichiometry and Electrochemical Alkaline Intercalation
  • 9.1. Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Deviation from Stoichiometry
  • 9.2. Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Electrochemical Alkaline Intercalation/Deintercalation
    • LixCoO2
    • NaxCoO2-y
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 10. Structural Transformation of the SrTiO3 Surface Region due to Electric Fields at Ambient Temperature
  • 10.1. Modifications and Equilibrium of the SrTiO3 Structure
    • 10.1.1. Compositional Changes: the Quasi-binary System SrOTiO2
    • 10.1.2. Stability of SrO(SrTiO3)n Ruddlesden-Popper Phases
    • 10.1.3. A Look at Symmetry and Property Tensors
    • 10.1.4. Chemical Modifications Beyond the Ternary Composition
  • 10.2. Electric-field Induced Ionic Transport and Anisotropy in SrTiO3
    • 10.2.1. Electroformation
    • 10.2.2. Redistribution of Ionic Species
  • 10.3. Evidence for Structural Transformations and Related Models
    • 10.3.1. Structural Transitions due to Application of an Electric Field
    • 10.3.2. The Occurence of Ruddlesden-Popper Phases
    • 10.3.3. The Migration-Induced Field-Stabilized Polar (MFP) Phase
  • 10.4. Modification of SrTiO3 Properties and Related Applications
    • 10.4.1. Oxygen Vacancies and Conductivity
    • 10.4.2. Mechanical Properties
    • 10.4.3. Magnetism
    • 10.4.4. Pyroelectricity
    • 10.4.5. Piezoelectricity
    • 10.4.6. Resistive Switching
    • 10.4.7. All-Solid-State All-in-One Battery
    • 10.4.8. Further Applications
  • 10.5. Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
• 11. Chemical Transformation of SrTiO3 Surface Region Exposed to High Temperature and Other Factors
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. Investigated Crystals
  • 11.3. Possible Surface Reconstructions of STO
  • 11.4. Methods of Surface Studies
  • 11.5. Thermal Treatment
  • 11.6. Surface Modification upon Vacuum and Exposure to X-Rays and Electron Beam
  • 11.7. Ion Sputtering
  • 11.8. Deposition of Metals
  • 11.9. Mechanical Stress and Defects
  • Summary
  • References
• 12. Chemical Transformation of TiO2 Surface Region Exposed to High Temperature and Different Chemical Activity of Oxygen
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 13. From Electroformation to Resistive Switching in Single Crystals of Strontium Titanate: How SrTiO3 Can Be Transformed into a Metallic State Using Electrical Stimuli
  • 13.1. Introduction
  • 13.2. Resistive Switching General Information
  • 13.3. Some Theoretical Considerations
    • Methods for the Calculation of the Electronic Structure
    • Trends Observed from DFT Calculations
  • 13.4. Electroforming of Non-conducting (Insulating) SrTiO3 Crystals.
    • Electrical Characterization During Electroformation
    • Oxygen Evolution During Electroformation
    • Spatial Inhomogeneity of the Electroformation Process and Filamentary Structures
  • 13.5. Model
  • References
• 14. Crystallographic Structure, Electronic Structure, and Chemical Composition on the Nanoscale: Important Role of the SPM, LEED, Photoemission Investigations for the Analysis of the Crystal Geometry, Electronic Structure and Diffusion Phenomena on the Surface of Model Oxides
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 15. Investigations of Local Thermal Properties by SThM Microscopy
  • 15.1. Scanning Thermal Microscopy: Principle, Equipment, Operation Modes
  • 15.2. Thermal Imaging: Temperature and Conductivity Contrast Measurements
  • 15.3. Quantitative Thermal Measurements with SThM Equipment Potentialities and Limitations
  • 15.4. Methods for Improvements of Sensitivity and Stability of Thermal Measurements Using Batch Fabricated Thermal Probes
  • 15.5. Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Submicron Layers on Thick Substrates
  • 15.6. Application of Qualitative and Quantitative SThM Measurements in Investigation of Perovskites (Thin Films, Bicrystals)
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• 16. Studying the Local Redox Processes on Transition Metal Oxides Surfaces Using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
  • 16.1. Introduction
  • 16.2. Principles of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
    • 16.2.1. Basics of KPFM Operation
    • 16.2.2. Forces in Atomic Force Microscopy
    • 16.2.3. Technical Realization of KPFM
    • 16.2.4. Limits of Resolutions in KPFM
  • 16.3. Local Surface Potential of Oxide Metal Surfaces upon Reduction and Oxidation Processes
    • 16.3.1. Titanium Dioxide TiO2(110) Surface
    • 16.3.2. Strontium Titanate SrTiO3(100) Surface
  • 16.4. Summary
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
• Footnotes

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