Tomcat: The Definitive Guide. The Definitive Guide

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• Tomcat: The Definitive Guide
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Preface
    • Whats This Book About?
    • Why an Entire Book on Tomcat?
    • Who This Book Is For
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • How to Contact Us
    • Acknowledgments
      • Ian Darwin's Acknowledgments
      • Jason Brittain's Acknowledgments
  • 1. Getting Started with Tomcat
    • 1.1. Installing Tomcat
      • 1.1.1. Installing Tomcat on Linux
        • 1.1.1.1. Installing Tomcat from a Jakarta multiplatform binary release
        • 1.1.1.2. Installing Tomcat from a Jakarta Linux RPM
      • 1.1.2. Installing Tomcat on Solaris
      • 1.1.3. Installing Tomcat on Windows 2000
      • 1.1.4. Installing Tomcat on Mac OS X
      • 1.1.5. Installing Tomcat on OpenBSD
    • 1.2. Starting, Stopping, and Restarting Tomcat
      • 1.2.1. Starting Up and Shutting Down
        • 1.2.1.1. Environment variables
        • 1.2.1.2. Starting and stopping on Linux and Solaris
        • 1.2.1.3. Starting and stopping on Windows 2000
        • 1.2.1.4. Starting and stopping on Mac OS X
        • 1.2.1.5. Starting and stopping on OpenBSD
      • 1.2.2. Common Errors
      • 1.2.3. Restarting Tomcat
        • 1.2.3.1. Restarting Tomcat on Unix-based systems
        • 1.2.3.2. Restarting the Tomcat Windows Service
    • 1.3. Automatic Startup
      • 1.3.1. Automatic Startup on Linux
      • 1.3.2. Automatic Startup on Solaris
      • 1.3.3. Automatic Startup on Windows
      • 1.3.4. Automatic Startup on Mac OS X
      • 1.3.5. Automatic Startup on OpenBSD
    • 1.4. Testing Your Tomcat Installation
  • 2. Configuring Tomcat
    • 2.1. Using the Apache Web Server
    • 2.2. Managing Realms, Roles, and Users
      • 2.2.1. Realms
        • 2.2.1.1. UserDatabaseRealm
        • 2.2.1.2. JDBCRealm
        • 2.2.1.3. JNDIRealm
        • 2.2.1.4. JAASRealm
      • 2.2.2. Container-Managed Security
        • 2.2.2.1. Basic authentication
        • 2.2.2.2. Digest authentication
        • 2.2.2.3. Form authentication
        • 2.2.2.4. Client-cert authentication
      • 2.2.3. Single Sign-On
    • 2.3. Controlling Sessions
      • 2.3.1. Session Persistence
        • 2.3.1.1. StandardManager
        • 2.3.1.2. PersistentManager
        • 2.3.1.3. Using FileStore for storing sessions
        • 2.3.1.4. Using JDBCStore for storing sessions
    • 2.4. Accessing JNDI and JDBC Resources
      • 2.4.1. JDBC DataSources
      • 2.4.2. Other JNDI Resources
    • 2.5. Servlet Auto-Reloading
    • 2.6. Relocating the Web Applications Directory
    • 2.7. Customized User Directories
    • 2.8. Tomcat Example Applications
    • 2.9. Server-Side Includes
    • 2.10. Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
    • 2.11. The Tomcat Admin Application
  • 3. Deploying Servlet and JSP Web Applications in Tomcat
    • 3.1. Layout of a Web Application
    • 3.2. Manual Application Deployment
      • 3.2.1. Deploying Servlets and JavaServer Pages
      • 3.2.2. Working with WAR Files
    • 3.3. Automatic Deployment
      • 3.3.1. Plan A: Copying a WAR File
      • 3.3.2. Plan B: Context Fragments
    • 3.4. The Manager Application
      • 3.4.1. See Also
    • 3.5. Automation with Jakarta Ant
      • 3.5.1. Building a JAR/WAR
      • 3.5.2. Deployment
      • 3.5.3. Common Errors
        • 3.5.3.1. XML in property files
        • 3.5.3.2. FileNotFoundExceptions
  • 4. Tomcat Performance Tuning
    • 4.1. Measuring Web Server Performance
      • 4.1.1. Load Testing Tools
    • 4.2. External Tuning
      • 4.2.1. JVM Performance
      • 4.2.2. Operating System Performance
    • 4.3. Internal Tuning
      • 4.3.1. Disabling DNS Lookups
      • 4.3.2. Adjusting the Number of Threads
      • 4.3.3. Speeding Up JSP Compilation
        • 4.3.3.1. Changing the JSP compiler under Tomcat 4.0
        • 4.3.3.2. Changing the JSP compiler under Tomcat 4.1
        • 4.3.3.3. Precompiling JSPs
    • 4.4. Capacity Planning
      • 4.4.1. Anecdotal Capacity Planning
      • 4.4.2. Enterprise Capacity Planning
      • 4.4.3. Capacity Planning on Tomcat
    • 4.5. Additional Resources
  • 5. Integration with Apache Web Server
    • 5.1. Introduction
    • 5.2. The Pros and Cons of Integration
      • 5.2.1. Running Tomcat Standalone
      • 5.2.2. Running Tomcat with Apache httpd
    • 5.3. Installing Apache httpd
    • 5.4. Apache Integration with Tomcat
      • 5.4.1. Sharing the Load Using Separate Port Numbers
      • 5.4.2. Proxying from Apache to Tomcat
        • 5.4.2.1. Setting up Apache httpd
        • 5.4.2.2. Setting up Tomcat
        • 5.4.2.3. Verify that proxying works
        • 5.4.2.4. Disadvantages
      • 5.4.3. Using the mod_jk2 Connector
        • 5.4.3.1. Using binary releases
        • 5.4.3.2. Compiling mod_jk2
        • 5.4.3.3. Master configuration file
        • 5.4.3.4. The workers2.properties file
        • 5.4.3.5. Starting up the integrated servers
        • 5.4.3.6. Configuring mod_jk2 to use a TCP socket
        • 5.4.3.7. Configuring mod_jk2 to use a Unix domain socket
        • 5.4.3.8. Common errors
      • 5.4.4. Two Programs in One Process: Tighter Integration
      • 5.4.5. Generating mod_jk2 Webapp URI Mappings
    • 5.5. Of Connectors and Configuration Files
      • 5.5.1. Configuration Files
        • 5.5.1.1. workers.properties
        • 5.5.1.2. urimap.properties
        • 5.5.1.3. workers2.properties
    • 5.6. Summary
  • 6. Tomcat Security
    • 6.1. Introduction
    • 6.2. Securing the System
      • 6.2.1. Operating System Security Forums
      • 6.2.2. Configuring Your Network
    • 6.3. Multiple Server Security Models
    • 6.4. Using the -security Option
      • 6.4.1. Granting File Permissions
    • 6.5. Setting Up a Tomcat chroot Jail
      • 6.5.1. Setting Up a chroot Jail
      • 6.5.2. Using a Non-root User in the chroot Jail
    • 6.6. Filtering Bad User Input
      • 6.6.1. Vulnerabilities
        • 6.6.1.1. Cross-site scripting
        • 6.6.1.2. HTML injection
        • 6.6.1.3. SQL injection
        • 6.6.1.4. Command injection
      • 6.6.2. HTTP Request Filtering
      • 6.6.3. See Also
    • 6.7. Securing Tomcat with SSL
      • 6.7.1. Setting Up an SSL Connector for Tomcat
      • 6.7.2. Multiple Server Certificates
      • 6.7.3. Client Certificates
  • 7. Configuration Files and Their Elements
    • 7.1. server.xml
      • 7.1.1. Server
      • 7.1.2. Service
      • 7.1.3. Connector
        • 7.1.3.1. Changing the port number from 8080
          • 7.1.3.1.1. Running Tomcat via the Jakarta Commons Daemon component
          • 7.1.3.1.2. Common Errors
      • 7.1.4. Engine
      • 7.1.5. Host
        • 7.1.5.1. Virtual hosting
      • 7.1.6. Context
      • 7.1.7. DefaultContext
      • 7.1.8. Realm
      • 7.1.9. GlobalNamingResources
        • 7.1.9.1. Environment
        • 7.1.9.2. Resource
        • 7.1.9.3. ResourceParams
        • 7.1.9.4. See also
      • 7.1.10. Listener
      • 7.1.11. Loader
      • 7.1.12. Logger
      • 7.1.13. Manager
        • 7.1.13.1. Stores
        • 7.1.13.2. Resources
        • 7.1.13.3. Valve
        • 7.1.13.4. Controlling access log files with AccessLogValve
        • 7.1.13.5. RemoteHostValve and RemoteAddrValve
    • 7.2. web.xml
      • 7.2.1. web-app
      • 7.2.2. icon, display-name, and description
      • 7.2.3. distributable
      • 7.2.4. context-param
      • 7.2.5. filter and filter-mapping
      • 7.2.6. listener
      • 7.2.7. servlet
      • 7.2.8. servlet-mapping
      • 7.2.9. session-config
      • 7.2.10. mime-mapping
      • 7.2.11. welcome-file-list
      • 7.2.12. error-page
      • 7.2.13. taglib
      • 7.2.14. resource-env-ref
      • 7.2.15. resource-ref
      • 7.2.16. security-constraint
        • 7.2.16.1. See also
      • 7.2.17. login-config
      • 7.2.18. security-role
      • 7.2.19. env-entry
      • 7.2.20. ejb-ref and ejb-local-ref
    • 7.3. tomcat-users.xml
    • 7.4. catalina.policy
  • 8. Debugging and Troubleshooting
    • 8.1. Reading Log Files
      • 8.1.1. Hunting for Errors
      • 8.1.2. Making Sense of Multiple Files
    • 8.2. URLs and the HTTP Conversation
      • 8.2.1. HTTP Requests
      • 8.2.2. Response Codes and Headers
      • 8.2.3. Interacting with HTTP
    • 8.3. Debugging with RequestDumperValve
    • 8.4. When Tomcat Won't Shut Down
  • 9. Building Tomcat from Source
    • 9.1. Installing Jakarta Ant
    • 9.2. Obtaining the Source
      • 9.2.1. Downloading Source Code
      • 9.2.2. Obtaining Source Code with CVS
    • 9.3. Downloading Support Libraries
    • 9.4. Building Tomcat
  • 10. Tomcat Clustering
    • 10.1. Clustering Terms
    • 10.2. The Communication Sequence of an HTTP Request
      • 10.2.1. DNS Request Distribution
      • 10.2.2. TCP NAT Request Distribution
      • 10.2.3. mod_jk2 Load Balancing and Failover
      • 10.2.4. Distributed Java Servlet Containers
        • 10.2.4.1. Servlet sessions
        • 10.2.4.2. Session affinity
        • 10.2.4.3. Replicated sessions
          • 10.2.4.3.1. Configuring and testing IP multicast
          • 10.2.4.3.2. Installing, configuring, and testing session replication
      • 10.2.5. JDBC Request Distribution and Failover
    • 10.3. Additional Resources
  • 11. Final Words
    • 11.1. Supplemental Resources
      • 11.1.1. Online Documentation That Ships with Tomcat
      • 11.1.2. The Jakarta Tomcat Web Documentation
      • 11.1.3. The Jakarta Tomcat Mailing List Archives
      • 11.1.4. Web Sites Related to This Book
      • 11.1.5. Third-Party Web Sites About Tomcat
        • 11.1.5.1. The #tomcat Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel
        • 11.1.5.2. The Jakarta Tomcat mailing lists
    • 11.2. Community
  • A. Installing Java
    • A.1. Choosing a Java SDK
      • A.1.1. Working Around the Kaffe JDK
      • A.1.2. Sun Microsystems J2SE SDK
      • A.1.3. IBM JDK
      • A.1.4. BEA JRockit
      • A.1.5. Apple J2SE 1.4.1
  • B. JSPs and Servlets
    • B.1. Why Both JSPs and Servlets?
    • B.2. Simplifying JSPs with JavaBeans:Reusable Components
    • B.3. Simplifying Your JSPs with Custom Tags
    • B.4. Extending Tomcat
      • B.4.1. Cocoon: XML Publishing
      • B.4.2. Element Construction Set
      • B.4.3. Formatted Objects Printing (FOP)
      • B.4.4. JavaMail API
      • B.4.5. JetSpeed: Scalable Information Portal
      • B.4.6. Lucene Text Searching
      • B.4.7. PDF Generators
      • B.4.8. POI
      • B.4.9. SOAP
      • B.4.10. Struts
      • B.4.11. Velocity
      • B.4.12. WebDAV
      • B.4.13. See Also
  • C. jbchroot.c
  • D. BadInputFilterValve.java
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
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