Making Embedded Systems. 2nd Edition

Spis treści ebooka

• Preface
  • About This Book
  • Who This Book Is For
  • About the Author
  • Organization of This Book
  • Terminology
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
  • Embedded Systems Development
    • Compilers and Languages
    • Debugging
    • Resource Constraints
    • Principles to Confront Those Challenges
  • Prototypes and Maker Boards
  • Further Reading
• 2. Creating a System Architecture
  • Getting Started
  • Creating System Diagrams
    • The Context Diagram
    • The Block Diagram
    • Organigram
    • Layering Diagram
  • Designing for Change
    • Encapsulate Modules
    • Delegation of Tasks
    • Driver Interface: Open, Close, Read, Write, IOCTL
    • Adapter Pattern
  • Creating Interfaces
    • Example: A Logging Interface
      • From requirements to an interface
      • State of logging
      • Pattern: Singleton
      • Sharing private globals
  • A Sandbox to Play In
  • Back to the Drawing Board
  • Further Reading
• 3. Getting Your Hands on the Hardware
  • Hardware/Software Integration
    • Ideal Project Flow
    • Hardware Design
    • Board Bring-Up
  • Reading a Datasheet
    • Datasheet Sections You Need When Things Go Wrong
      • Pinout for each type of package available
      • Pin descriptions
      • Performance characteristics
      • Sample schematics
    • Datasheet Sections for Software Developers
    • Evaluating Components Using the Datasheet
  • Your Processor Is a Language
  • Reading a Schematic
  • Practice Reading a Schematic: Arduino!
  • Keep Your Board Safe
  • Creating Your Own Debugging Toolbox
    • Digital Multimeter
    • Oscilloscopes and Logic Analyzers
    • Setting Up a Scope
  • Testing the Hardware (and Software)
    • Building Tests
    • Flash Test Example
      • Test 1: Read existing data
      • Test 2: Byte access
      • Test 3: Block access
      • Test wrap-up
    • Command and Response
      • Creating a command
      • Invoking a command
    • Command Pattern
  • Dealing with Errors
    • Consistent Methodology
    • Error Checking Flow
    • Error-Handling Library
    • Debugging Timing Errors
  • Further Reading
• 4. Inputs, Outputs, and Timers
  • Handling Registers
    • Binary and Hexadecimal Math
    • Bitwise Operations
    • Test, Set, Clear, and Toggle
  • Toggling an Output
    • Setting the Pin to Be an Output
    • Turning On the LED
    • Blinking the LED
    • Troubleshooting
  • Separating the Hardware from the Action
    • Board-Specific Header File
    • I/O-Handling Code
    • Main Loop
    • Facade Pattern
  • The Input in I/O
  • Momentary Button Press
    • Interrupt on a Button Press
    • Configuring the Interrupt
    • Debouncing Switches
  • Runtime Uncertainty
    • Increasing Code Flexibility
    • Dependency Injection
  • Using a Timer
    • Timer Pieces
    • Doing the Math
    • More Math: Difficult Goal Frequency
    • A Long Wait Between Timer Ticks
    • Using a Timer
  • Using Pulse-Width Modulation
  • Shipping the Product
  • Further Reading
• 5. Interrupts
  • A Chicken Presses a Button
  • An IRQ Happens
    • Nonmaskable Interrupts
    • Interrupt Priority
    • Nested Interrupts
  • Save the Context
  • Retrieve the ISR from the Vector Table
    • Initializing the Vector Table
    • Looking Up the ISR
  • Call the ISR
    • Multiple Sources for One Interrupt
    • Disabling Interrupts
    • Critical Sections
  • Restore the Context
  • Configuring Interrupts
  • When and When Not to Use Interrupts
    • How to Avoid Using Interrupts
    • Polling
    • System Tick
    • Time-Based Events
    • A Very Small Scheduler
  • Further Reading
• 6. Managing the Flow of Activity
  • Scheduling and Operating System Basics
    • Tasks
    • Communication Between Tasks
    • Avoiding Race Conditions
    • Priority Inversion
  • State Machines
    • State Machine Example: Stoplight Controller
    • State-Centric State Machine
    • State-Centric State Machine with Hidden Transitions
    • Event-Centric State Machine
    • State Pattern
    • Table-Driven State Machine
    • Choosing a State Machine Implementation
  • Watchdog
  • Main Loops
    • Polling and Waiting
    • Timer Interrupt
    • Interrupts Do Everything
    • Interrupts Cause Events
    • Very Small Scheduler
    • Active Objects
  • Further Reading
• 7. Communicating with Peripherals
  • Serial Communication
    • TTL Serial
    • RS-232 Serial
    • SPI
    • I2C and TWI
    • 1-Wire
    • Parallel
    • Dual and Quad SPI
    • USB
    • Considering Other Protocols
  • Communications in Practice
    • External ADC Example: Data Ready with SPI
    • Use a FIFO If Available
    • Direct Memory Access (DMA) Is Faster
    • External ADC Example: SPI and DMA
  • Circular Buffers
  • Further Reading
• 8. Putting Together a System
  • Key Matrices
  • Segmented Displays
  • Pixel Displays
    • Display Assets
    • Changeable Data? Flyweight and Factory Patterns
  • External Flash Memory
    • Display Assets
    • Emulated EEPROMs and KV Stores
    • Little File Systems
    • Data Storage
  • Analog Signals
  • Digital Sensors
  • Data Handling
    • Changing Algorithms: Strategy
    • Algorithm Stages: Pipelines and Filters
  • Calculating Needs: Speeds and Feeds
    • Data Bandwidth
    • Memory Throughput and Buffering
  • Further Reading
• 9. Getting into Trouble
  • Fighting with the Compiler Optimizations
  • Impossible Bugs
    • Reproduce the Bug
    • Explain the Bug
  • Creating Chaos and Hard Faults
    • Dividing by Zero
    • Talking to Things That Arent There
    • Running Undefined Instructions
    • Incorrect Memory Access (Unaligned Access)
    • Returning a Pointer to Stack Memory
    • Stack Overflows and Buffer Overflows
  • Debugging Hard Faults
    • Processor Registers: What Went Wrong?
    • Creating a Core Dump
    • Using the Core Dump
  • Merely Very Difficult Bugs
  • Consequences of Being Clever
  • Further Reading
• 10. Building Connected Devices
  • Connecting Remotely
    • Directly: Ethernet and WiFi
    • Through a Gateway
    • Via a Mesh
  • Robust Communication
    • Version!
    • Checksums, CRCs, Hashes
    • Encryption and Authentication
    • Risk Analysis
  • Updating Code
    • Firmware Update Security
    • Multiple Pieces of Code
    • Fallback Lifeboat
    • Staged Rollout
  • Managing Large Systems
  • Manufacturing
  • Further Reading
• 11. Doing More with Less
  • Need More Code Space
    • Reading a Map File (Part 1)
    • Process of Elimination
    • Libraries
    • Functions Versus Macros: Which Are Smaller?
    • Constants and Strings
  • Need More RAM
    • Remove malloc
    • Reading a Map File (Part 2)
    • Registers and Local Variables
      • Function parameters
      • Minimize scope
      • Look at the assembly
    • Function Chains
    • Pros and Cons of Globals: RAM Versus Stack
    • Clever Memory Overlays
  • Need More Speed
    • Profiling
      • I/O lines and an O-scope
      • Timer profiler 1 (function timer)
      • Timer profiler 2 (response timer)
      • Sampling profiler
    • Optimizing for Processor Cycles
      • Memory timing
      • Variable size
      • One last look at function chains
      • Consider the instructions
      • Reduce math in loops
      • Loop unrolling
      • Lookup tables
      • Coding in assembly language
  • Summary
  • Further Reading
• 12. Math
  • Identifying Fast and Slow Operations
    • Taking an Average
    • Different Averages: Cumulative and Median
  • Using an Existing Algorithm
  • Designing and Modifying Algorithms
    • Factor Polynomials
    • Taylor Series
    • Dividing by a Constant
    • Scaling the Input
    • Lookup Tables
      • Implicit input
      • Linear interpolation
      • Explicit input in the table
  • Fake Floating-Point Numbers
    • Rational Numbers
    • Precision
    • Addition (and Subtraction)
    • Multiplication (and Division)
  • Machine Learning
  • Look Up the Answer!
  • Further Reading
• 13. Reducing Power Consumption
  • Understanding Power Consumption
    • Measuring Power Consumption
      • Using a resistor in series and burden voltage
      • Changing current and orders of magnitude problem
    • Designing for Lower Power Consumption
  • Turn Off the Light When You Leave the Room
    • Turn Off Peripherals
    • Turn Off Unused I/O Devices
    • Turn Off Processor Subsystems
    • Slow Down to Conserve Energy
  • Putting the Processor to Sleep
    • Interrupt-Based Code Flow Model
    • A Closer Look at the Main Loop
    • Processor Watchdog
    • Avoid Frequent Wake-Ups
    • Chained Processors
  • Further Reading
• 14. Motors and Movement
  • Creating Movement
  • Position Encoding
  • Driving a Simple DC Motor with PWM
  • Motor Control
    • PID Control
    • Motion Profiles
  • Ten Things I Hate About Motors
  • Further Reading
• Index

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