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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Knowledge</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_(disambiguation)" title="Knowledge (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Knowledge (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p><b>Knowledge</b> is a familiarity, <a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> or understanding of someone or something, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description" title="Description">descriptions</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skills" title="Skills" class="mw-redirect">skills</a>, which is acquired through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceiving</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_(observation)" title="Discovery (observation)">discovering</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>.</p>
<p>Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, the study of knowledge is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>; the philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> famously defined knowledge as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justified_true_belief" title="Justified true belief" class="mw-redirect">justified true belief</a>", though "well-justified true belief" is more complete as it accounts for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problems" title="Gettier problems" class="mw-redirect">Gettier problems</a>. However, several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist.</p>
<p>Knowledge acquisition involves complex <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> processes: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning" title="Reasoning" class="mw-redirect">reasoning</a>; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of <i>acknowledgment</i> in human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<div id="toc" class="toc">
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<h2>Contents</h2>
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<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="Knowledge#Theories_of_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Theories of knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="Knowledge#Communicating_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Communicating knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="Knowledge#Situated_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Situated knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="Knowledge#Partial_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Partial knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="Knowledge#Scientific_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific knowledge</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="Knowledge#Religious_meaning_of_knowledge"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Religious meaning of knowledge</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="Knowledge#As_a_measure_of_religiosity_.28in_sociology_of_religion.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">As a measure of religiosity (in sociology of religion)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="Knowledge#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="Knowledge#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="Knowledge#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Theories_of_knowledge">Theories of knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Theories of knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/220px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg" width="220" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/330px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg/440px-Knowledge-Reid-Highsmith.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1704" /></a>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reid_(painter)" title="Robert Reid (painter)" class="mw-redirect">Robert Reid</a>, <i>Knowledge</i> (1896). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, Washington, D.C.</div>
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<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>The eventual demarcation of philosophy from science was made possible by the notion that philosophy's core was "theory of knowledge," a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their <i>foundation</i>... Without this idea of a "theory of knowledge," it is hard to imagine what "philosophy" could have been in the age of modern science.</p>
<div class="templatequotecite"><cite>— <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>, <i>Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature</i></cite></div>
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<p>The definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debate</a> among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> specifies that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">statement</a> must meet three <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/criterion" class="extiw" title="wikt:criterion">criteria</a> in order to be considered knowledge: it must be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">justified</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">believed</a>. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_case" title="Gettier case" class="mw-redirect">Gettier case</a> examples allegedly demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>'s arguments for a requirement that knowledge 'tracks the truth' and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a>'s additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions 'through a defect, flaw, or failure' have knowledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kirkham" title="Richard Kirkham">Richard Kirkham</a> suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief necessitates its truth.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In contrast to this approach, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> observed, following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_paradox" title="Moore's paradox">Moore's paradox</a>, that one can say "He believes it, but it isn't so," but not "He knows it, but it isn't so."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, but rather to distinct ways of talking about conviction. What is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on this account, to <i>know</i> that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind, but to perform a particular task with the statement that the kettle is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way "knowledge" is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">family resemblance</a>. Following this idea, "knowledge" has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant features but that is not adequately captured by any definition.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Communicating_knowledge">Communicating knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Communicating knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg/220px-Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg/330px-Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg/440px-Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a>
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<i>Los portadores de la antorcha (The Torch-Bearers)</i> – Sculpture by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hyatt_Huntington" title="Anna Hyatt Huntington">Anna Hyatt Huntington</a> symbolizing the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain</a>)</div>
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<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_linguistic_representation" title="Symbolic linguistic representation">Symbolic representations</a> can be used to indicate meaning and can be thought of as a dynamic process. Hence the transfer of the symbolic representation can be viewed as one <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascription" class="extiw" title="wikt:ascription">ascription</a> process whereby knowledge can be transferred. Other forms of communication include observation and imitation, verbal exchange, and audio and video recordings. Philosophers of language and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticians" title="Semioticians" class="mw-redirect">semioticians</a> construct and analyze theories of knowledge transfer or communication.</p>
<p>While many would agree that one of the most universal and significant tools for the transfer of knowledge is writing and reading (of many kinds), argument over the usefulness of the written word exists nonetheless, with some scholars skeptical of its impact on societies. In his collection of essays <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopoly:_the_Surrender_of_Culture_to_Technology" title="Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology" class="mw-redirect">Technopoly</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a> demonstrates the argument against the use of writing through an excerpt from Plato's work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> (Postman, Neil (1992) <i>Technopoly</i>, Vintage, New York, pp 73). In this excerpt, the scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> recounts the story of Thamus, the Egyptian king and Theuth the inventor of the written word. In this story, Theuth presents his new invention "writing" to King Thamus, telling Thamus that his new invention "will improve both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and memory of the Egyptians" (Postman, Neil (1992) Technopoly, Vintage, New York, pp 74). King Thamus is skeptical of this new invention and rejects it as a tool of recollection rather than retained knowledge. He argues that the written word will infect the Egyptian people with fake knowledge as they will be able to attain facts and stories from an external source and will no longer be forced to mentally retain large quantities of knowledge themselves (Postman, Neil (1992) <i>Technopoly</i>, Vintage, New York,pp 74).</p>
<p>Classical early modern theories of knowledge, especially those advancing the influential empiricism of the philosopher John Locke, were based implicitly or explicitly on a model of the mind which likened ideas to words.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> This analogy between language and thought laid the foundation for a graphic conception of knowledge in which the mind was treated as a table (a container of content) that had to be stocked with facts reduced to letters, numbers or symbols. This created a situation in which the spatial alignment of words on the page carried great cognitive weight, so much so that educators paid very close attention to the visual structure of information on the page and in notebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Media theorists like Andrew Robinson emphasise that the visual depiction of knowledge in the modern world was often seen as being 'truer' than oral knowledge. This plays into a longstanding analytic notion in the Western intellectual tradition in which verbal communication is generally thought to lend itself to the spread of falsehoods as much as written communication. It is harder to preserve records of what was said or who originally said it – usually neither the source nor the content can be verified. Gossip and rumors are examples prevalent in both media. As to the value of writing, the extent of human knowledge is now so great, and the people interested in a piece of knowledge so separated in time and space, that writing is considered central to capturing and sharing it.</p>
<p>Major libraries today can have millions of books of knowledge (in addition to works of fiction). It is only recently that audio and video technology for recording knowledge have become available and the use of these still requires replay equipment and electricity. Verbal teaching and handing down of knowledge is limited to those who would have contact with the transmitter or someone who could interpret written work. Writing is still the most available and most universal of all forms of recording and transmitting knowledge. It stands unchallenged as mankind's primary technology of knowledge transfer down through the ages and to all cultures and languages of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement" class="mw-redirect"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (May 2013)">disputed</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Knowledge#Writing_as_the_.22primary_technology_of_knowledge_transfer.22_.28disputed_text.29" title="Talk:Knowledge">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Situated_knowledge">Situated knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Situated knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. It is a term coined by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a> as an extension of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> approaches of "successor science" suggested by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a>, one which "offers a more adequate, richer, better account of a world, in order to live in it well and in critical, reflexive relation to our own as well as others' practices of domination and the unequal parts of privilege and oppression that makes up all positions."<sup id="cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-Haraway1988-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> This situation partially transforms science into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>, which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Escobar_(anthropologist)" title="Arturo Escobar (anthropologist)">Arturo Escobar</a> explains as, "neither fictions nor supposed facts." This narrative of situation is historical textures woven of fact and fiction, and as Escobar explains further, "even the most neutral scientific domains are narratives in this sense," insisting that rather than a purpose dismissing science as a trivial matter of contingency, "it is to treat (this narrative) in the most serious way, without succumbing to its mystification as 'the truth' or to the ironic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> common to many critiques."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Haraway's argument stems from the limitations of the human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, as well as the overemphasis of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">sense of vision</a> in <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a>. According to Haraway, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> in <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a> has been, "used to signify a leap out of the marked body and into a conquering gaze from nowhere." This is the "gaze that mythically inscribes all the marked bodies, that makes the unmarked category claim the power to see and not be seen, to represent while escaping representation."<sup id="cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-1" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-Haraway1988-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> This causes a limitation of views in the position of <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a> itself as a potential player in the creation of knowledge, resulting in a position of "modest witness". This is what Haraway terms a "god trick", or the aforementioned representation while escaping representation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> In order to avoid this, "Haraway perpetuates a tradition of thought which emphasizes the importance of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a> in terms of both ethical and political accountability".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Some methods of generating knowledge, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a>, or learning from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a>, tend to create highly situational knowledge. One of the main attributes of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> is that the theories it generates are much less situational than knowledge gained by other methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions. This integration of situational knowledge is an allusion to the community, and its attempts at collecting subjective perspectives into an embodiment "of views from somewhere." <sup id="cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-2" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-Haraway1988-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Knowledge generated through experience is called knowledge "a posteriori", meaning afterwards. The pure existence of a term like "a posteriori" means this also has a counterpart. In this case, that is knowledge "a priori", meaning before. The knowledge prior to any experience means that there are certain "assumptions" that one takes for granted. For example, if you are being told about a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair" title="Chair">chair</a>, it is clear to you that the chair is in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, that it is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_dimensional_space" title="Three dimensional space" class="mw-redirect">3D</a>. This knowledge is not knowledge that one can "forget", even someone suffering from amnesia experiences the world in 3D.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>Even though Haraway's arguments are largely based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-3" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-Haraway1988-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> this idea of different worlds, as well as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptic</a> stance of situated knowledge is present in the main arguments of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>. Fundamentally, both argue the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency" title="Contingency" class="mw-redirect">contingency</a> of knowledge on the presence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, as well as the rejection of universal rules or laws or elementary structures; and the idea of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> as an inherited trait of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">objectification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Partial_knowledge">Partial knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Partial knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>One discipline of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> focuses on partial knowledge. In most cases, it is not possible to understand an information domain exhaustively; our knowledge is always <i>incomplete</i> or partial. Most real problems have to be solved by taking advantage of a partial understanding of the problem context and problem data, unlike the typical math problems one might solve at school, where all data is given and one is given a complete understanding of formulas necessary to solve them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>This idea is also present in the concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">bounded rationality</a> which assumes that in real life situations people often have a limited amount of information and make decisions accordingly.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(psychology)" title="Intuition (psychology)" class="mw-redirect">Intuition</a> is the ability to acquire partial knowledge without <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> or the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> An individual may "know" about a situation and be unable to explain the process that led to their knowledge.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_knowledge">Scientific knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon" title="Sir Francis Bacon" class="mw-redirect">Sir Francis Bacon</a>, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_potentia_est" title="Scientia potentia est">Knowledge is Power</a>"</div>
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<p>The development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> has made a significant contribution to how knowledge of the physical world and its phenomena is acquired.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> To be termed scientific, a method of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">inquiry</a> must be based on gathering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable" title="Observable">observable</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurable</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> subject to specific principles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasoning" title="Reasoning" class="mw-redirect">reasoning</a> and experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The scientific method consists of the collection of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimentation</a>, and the formulation and testing of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses" title="Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect">hypotheses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Science, and the nature of scientific knowledge have also become the subject of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy</a>. As science itself has developed, knowledge has developed a broader usage which has been developing within biology/psychology—discussed elsewhere as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-epistemology" title="Meta-epistemology">meta-epistemology</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" title="Genetic epistemology">genetic epistemology</a>, and to some extent related to "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Theory of cognitive development" class="mw-redirect">theory of cognitive development</a>". Note that "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>" is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Science is "the process used everyday to logically complete thoughts through inference of facts determined by calculated experiments." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon" title="Sir Francis Bacon" class="mw-redirect">Sir Francis Bacon</a> was critical in the historical development of the scientific method; his works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry. His famous aphorism, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_potentia_est" title="Scientia potentia est">knowledge is power</a>", is found in the Meditations Sacrae (1597).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Until recent times, at least in the Western tradition, it was simply taken for granted that knowledge was something possessed only by humans — and probably <i>adult</i> humans at that. Sometimes the notion might stretch to (ii)&#160;<i>Society-as-such</i>, as in (e.g.) "the knowledge possessed by the Coptic culture" (as opposed to its individual members), but that was not assured either. Nor was it usual to consider <i>unconscious</i> knowledge in any systematic way until this approach was popularized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Other biological domains where "knowledge" might be said to reside, include: (iii) the <i>immune system</i>, and (iv) in the <i>DNA of the genetic code</i>. See the list of four "epistemological domains": &#160; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a>, (1975);<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> and Traill (2008:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Table&#160;S, page&#160;31)—also references by both to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a>.</p>
<p>Such considerations seem to call for a separate definition of "knowledge" to cover the biological systems. For biologists, knowledge must be usefully <i>available</i> to the system, though that system need not be conscious. Thus the criteria seem to be:</p>
<ul>
<li>The system should apparently be dynamic and self-organizing (unlike a mere book <i>on its own</i>).</li>
<li>The knowledge must constitute some sort of representation of "the outside world",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> or ways of dealing with it (directly or indirectly).</li>
<li>Some way must exist for the system to access this information quickly enough for it to be useful.</li>
</ul>
<p>Scientific knowledge may not involve a claim to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certainty" title="Certainty">certainty</a>, maintaining <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> means that a scientist will never be absolutely certain when they are correct and when they are not. It is thus an irony of proper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> that one must doubt even when correct, in the hopes that this practice will lead to greater convergence on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_meaning_of_knowledge">Religious meaning of knowledge</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Religious meaning of knowledge">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In many expressions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, knowledge is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit">seven gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a> contained the knowledge that separated Man from God: "And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil..." (<a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Genesis&amp;verse=3:22&amp;src=KJV">Genesis 3:22</a>)</p>
<p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, divine knowledge or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a> is hoped to be attained.</p>
<p>विद्या दान (Vidya Daan) i.e. knowledge sharing is a major part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Daan</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">tenet</a> of all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic Religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Scriptures present two kinds of knowledge, <i>Paroksh Gyan</i> and <i>Prataksh Gyan</i>. <i>Paroksh Gyan</i> (also spelled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroksha" title="Paroksha">Paroksha</a>-Jnana</i>) is secondhand knowledge: knowledge obtained from books, hearsay, etc. <i>Prataksh Gyan</i> (also spelled <i>Prataksha-Jnana</i>) is the knowledge borne of direct experience, i.e., knowledge that one discovers for oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a> ("path of knowledge") is one of three main types of yoga expounded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. (It is compared and contrasted with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti#Bhakti_Yoga" title="Bhakti">Bhakti Yoga</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a>.)</p>
<p>In Islam, knowledge (Arabic: علم, <i>ʿilm</i>) is given great significance. "The Knowing" (<i>al-ʿAlīm</i>) is one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_the_Qur%27an" title="Names of God in the Qur'an" class="mw-redirect">99 names</a> reflecting distinct attributes of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an" class="mw-redirect">Qur'an</a> asserts that knowledge comes from God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.239">2:239</a>) and various <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> encourage the acquisition of knowledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is reported to have said "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave" and "Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets". Islamic scholars, theologians and jurists are often given the title <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema" title="Ulema" class="mw-redirect">alim</a></i>, meaning "knowledgable".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" title="Jewish" class="mw-redirect">Jewish</a> tradition, knowledge (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" title="Hebrew" class="mw-redirect">Hebrew</a>: דעת <i>da'ath</i>) is considered one of the most valuable traits a person can acquire. Observant Jews recite three times a day in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> "Favor us with knowledge, understanding and discretion that come from you. Exalted are you, Existent-One, the gracious giver of knowledge." The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> states, "A wise man gains power, and a man of knowledge maintains power", and "knowledge is chosen above gold".</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_measure_of_religiosity_.28in_sociology_of_religion.29">As a measure of religiosity (in sociology of religion)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: As a measure of religiosity (in sociology of religion)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to the sociologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervin_F._Verbit" title="Mervin F. Verbit">Mervin Verbit</a>, knowledge may be understood as one of the key components of religiosity. Religious knowledge itself may be broken down into four dimensions:</p>
<ul>
<li>content</li>
<li>frequency</li>
<li>intensity</li>
<li>centrality</li>
</ul>
<p>The content of one's religious knowledge may vary from person to person, as will the degree to which it may occupy the person's mind (frequency), the intensity of the knowledge, and the centrality of the information (in that religious tradition, or to that individual).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="Knowledge#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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</table>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_knowledge" title="Outline of knowledge">Outline of knowledge</a> – guide to the subject of knowledge presented as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structured</a> list of its subtopics.</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori and a posteriori</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic-synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic-synthetic distinction" class="mw-redirect">Analytic-synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_modal_logic" title="Epistemic modal logic">Epistemic modal logic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_knowledge" title="Explicit knowledge">Explicit knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurative_system_of_human_knowledge" title="Figurative system of human knowledge">Figurative system of human knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_inference" title="Inductive inference" class="mw-redirect">Inductive inference</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_probability" title="Inductive probability">Inductive probability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_relativity" title="Knowledge relativity">Knowledge relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation" title="Knowledge representation" class="mw-redirect">Knowledge representation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_retrieval" title="Knowledge retrieval">Knowledge retrieval</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaknowledge" title="Metaknowledge">Metaknowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Philosophical skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge" title="Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge">Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">Tacit knowledge</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_us1261368#m_en_us1261368">"knowledge: definition of knowledge in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"</a>. <i>oxforddictionaries.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=knowledge%3A+definition+of+knowledge+in+Oxford+dictionary+%28American+English%29+%28US%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fview%2Fentry%2Fm_en_us1261368%23m_en_us1261368&amp;rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Cavell, "Knowing and Acknowledging", <i>Must We Mean What We Say?</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 238–266.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Plato's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i>, Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of <i>knowledge</i>: knowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge as a true judgment with an account. Each of these definitions is shown to be unsatisfactory.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kirkham, Richard L. (October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2254258">"Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>)</span>. <i>Mind, New Series</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_Association" title="Mind Association">Mind Association</a>. pp.&#160;501–513<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=Does+the+Gettier+Problem+Rest+on+a+Mistake%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Kirkham&amp;rft.date=1984-10&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2254258&amp;rft.jtitle=Mind%2C+New+Series&amp;rft.pages=501-513&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jstor" title="Jstor" class="mw-redirect">jstor</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Wittgenstein, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Certainty" title="On Certainty">On Certainty</a></i>, remark 42</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottschalk-Mazouz, N. (2008): "Internet and the flow of knowledge," in: Hrachovec, H.; Pichler, A. (Hg.): Philosophy of the Information Society. Proceedings of the 30. International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria 2007. Volume 2, Frankfurt, Paris, Lancaster, New Brunswik: Ontos, S. 215–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sammelpunkt.philo.at:8080/2022/1/Gottschalk-Mazouz.pdf">http://sammelpunkt.philo.at:8080/2022/1/Gottschalk-Mazouz.pdf</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hacking, Ian (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=07bB6_WfeUoC&amp;dq=ian+hacking+language+philosophy&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy?</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft.aulast=Hacking&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Does+Language+Matter+to+Philosophy%3F&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07bB6_WfeUoC%26dq%3Dian%2Bhacking%2Blanguage%2Bphilosophy%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1817033/The_Shape_of_Knowledge_Children_and_the_Visual_Culture_of_Literacy_and_Numeracy_Science_in_Context_26_2013_215-245">"The Shape of Knowledge: Children and the Visual Culture of Literacy and Numeracy"</a>. <i>Science in Context</i> <b>26</b>: 215–245. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0269889713000045">10.1017/s0269889713000045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=The+Shape+of+Knowledge%3A+Children+and+the+Visual+Culture+of+Literacy+and+Numeracy&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Eddy&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1817033%2FThe_Shape_of_Knowledge_Children_and_the_Visual_Culture_of_Literacy_and_Numeracy_Science_in_Context_26_2013_215-245&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0269889713000045&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&amp;rft.pages=215-245&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=26" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Haraway1988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-Haraway1988_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective". Haraway, Donna. <i>Feminist Studies</i> Vol. 14, No. 3. pp. 575–599. 1988. <strong class="error mw-ext-cite-error">Cite error: Invalid <code>&lt;ref&gt;</code> tag; name "Haraway1988" defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</strong></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Introduction: Development and the Anthropology of Modernity". Escobar, Arturo. <i>Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 1. Haraway, Donna. <i>Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan© Meets_OncoMouse2. Feminism and Technoscience</i>. 1997.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Posthuman, All Too Human: Towards a New Process Ontology". Braidotti, Rosi. <i>Theory Culture</i> Vol. 23. pp. 197–208. 2006.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Subject and Power". Foucault, Michel. <i>Critical Inquiry</i> Volume 9, No. 4. pp. 777–795. 1982</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science">"Science – Definition of science by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=Science+%93+Definition+of+science+by+Merriam-Webster&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fscience&amp;rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[4] Rules for the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>", <a href="Knowledge#CITEREFNewton1999">Newton 1999</a>, pp.&#160;794–6, from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>, which follows Book <b>3</b>, <i>The System of the World</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/scientific%20method">scientific method</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> Dictionary</i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/2060.html">"Sir Francis Bacon – Quotationspage.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Bacon+%93+Quotationspage.com&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quotationspage.com%2Fquote%2F2060.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is quite a good case for this exclusive specialization used by philosophers, in that it allows for in-depth study of logic-procedures and other abstractions which are not found elsewhere. However this may lead to problems whenever the topic spills over into those excluded domains—e.g. when Kant (following Newton) dismissed <i>Space and Time</i> as axiomatically "transcendental" and "a priori" — a claim later disproved by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget's</a> clinical studies. It also seems likely that the vexed problem of "<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">infinite regress</a></i>" can be largely (but not completely) solved by proper attention to how unconscious concepts are <i>actually</i> developed, both during infantile learning <i>and</i> as inherited "pseudo-transcendentals" inherited from the trial-and-error of previous generations. See also "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">Tacit knowledge</a>".</span>
<ul>
<li><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget, J.</a>, and B.Inhelder (1927 / 1969). <i>The child's conception of time</i>. Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul: London.</span></li>
<li><span class="reference-text">Piaget, J., and B.Inhelder (1948 / 1956). <i>The child's conception of space</i>. Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul: London.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, K.R.</a> (1975). "The rationality of scientific revolutions"; in Rom Harré (ed.), <i>Problems of Scientific Revolution: Scientific Progress and Obstacles to Progress in the Sciences</i>. Clarendon Press: Oxford.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ondwelle.com/OSM02.pdf">http://www.ondwelle.com/OSM02.pdf</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This "outside world" could include other subsystems within the same organism—e.g. different "mental levels" corresponding to different Piagetian stages. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_cognitive_development" title="Theory of cognitive development" class="mw-redirect">Theory of cognitive development</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophybites.com/2007/12/barry-stroud-on.html">"philosophy bites"</a>. <i>philosophybites.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=philosophy+bites&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophybites.com%2F2007%2F12%2Fbarry-stroud-on.html&amp;rft.jtitle=philosophybites.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p3s1c1a7.htm#1831">"Part Three, No. 1831"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=Part+Three%2C+No.+1831&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp3s1c1a7.htm%231831&amp;rft.jtitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vhp.org/news/news-regional/delhi-seva">"विद्या दान ही सबसे बडा दान&#160;: विहिप - Vishva Hindu Parishad – Official Website"</a>. <i>vhp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%3A+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA+-+Vishva+Hindu+Parishad+%93+Official+Website&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvhp.org%2Fnews%2Fnews-regional%2Fdelhi-seva&amp;rft.jtitle=vhp.org&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Swami Krishnananda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/panch/panch_07.html">"Chapter 7"</a>. <i>The Philosophy of the Panchadasi</i>. The Divine Life Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnowledge&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+7&amp;rft.au=Swami+Krishnananda&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swami-krishnananda.org%2Fpanch%2Fpanch_07.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Panchadasi&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verbit, M. F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Knowledge#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(1135).pdf">http://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(1135).pdf</a></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div style="clear:both;">Find more about<br />
<b>knowledge</b><br />
at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div>
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<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></td>
<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/knowledge">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td>
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<td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/knowledge">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/knowledge">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/knowledge">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/knowledge">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td>
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<td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/knowledge" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/knowledge">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>
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<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/browse/knowledge">Knowledge</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/knowledg">Knowledge</a> entry in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-value">The Value of Knowledge</a> entry in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis">The Analysis of Knowledge</a> entry in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-acquaindescrip">Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description</a> entry in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inpho.cogs.indiana.edu/taxonomy/2390">Knowledge</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Human intelligence</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence" title="Outline of human intelligence">topics</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Types</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_giftedness" title="Intellectual giftedness">Intellectual</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_intelligence" title="Linguistic intelligence">Linguistic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences" title="Theory of multiple intelligences">Multiple</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_intelligence_(psychology)" title="Spatial intelligence (psychology)">Spatial</a>&#160;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability" title="Spatial visualization ability">visuospatial</a>)</li>
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<ul>
<li>Abilities</li>
<li>Traits</li>
<li>Constructs</li>
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<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence" title="Fluid and crystallized intelligence">Fluid and crystallized intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics)" title="G factor (psychometrics)"><i>g</i> factor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">Intelligence quotient</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Knowledge</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a>&#160;(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual processing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Models and theories</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattell%E2%80%93Horn%E2%80%93Carroll_theory" title="Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory">Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence" title="Fluid and crystallized intelligence">Fluid and crystallized intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_multiple_intelligences" title="Theory of multiple intelligences">Multiple-intelligences theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-stratum_theory" title="Three-stratum theory">Three-stratum theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchic_theory_of_intelligence" title="Triarchic theory of intelligence">Triarchic theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PASS_theory_of_intelligence" title="PASS theory of intelligence">PASS theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Areas of research</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Evolution of human intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ" title="Heritability of IQ">Heritability of IQ</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_and_intelligence" title="Environment and intelligence">Intelligence and environment</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_health_on_intelligence" title="Impact of health on intelligence">health</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_epidemiology" title="Cognitive epidemiology">longevity</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_and_intelligence" title="Neuroscience and intelligence">neuroscience</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_intelligence" title="Outline of human intelligence">Outline of human intelligence</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_thought" title="Outline of thought">thought</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines#Philosophy" title="List of academic disciplines" class="mw-redirect">Branches</a></div>
</th>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Traditional</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li>
</ul>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Philosophy of</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Art</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Film</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_business" title="Philosophy of business">Business</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">Dialogue</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_futility" title="Philosophy of futility">Futility</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_happiness" title="Philosophy of happiness">Happiness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Healthcare</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Human nature</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_humor" title="Theories of humor">Humor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_feminism" title="Philosophy of feminism" class="mw-redirect">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" title="Philosophy of sex">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Society</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Technology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" title="Philosophy of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" title="Philosophy of engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">War</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">Schools of thought</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li>
<li><a href="Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Roman</a></span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesian_school" title="Ephesian school">Ephesian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesian_school" title="Milesian school">Milesian</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralist_school" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophism" title="Sophism">Sophism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka" title="Cārvāka" class="mw-redirect">Cārvāka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak#Mazdakism" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a>
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;">9th–16th<br />
century</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_philosophy" title="European philosophy" class="mw-redirect">European</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Neo-Confucianism" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna#Avicennian_philosophy" title="Avicenna">Avicennism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#Persian_school_of_Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Persian Illuminationism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" title="Ilm al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect">Ilm al-Kalam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a>
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;">17th–19th<br />
century</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianism" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinozism" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideal</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" title="Matter (philosophy)">Material</a></span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_realism" title="Classical realism" class="mw-redirect">Classical realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Law" title="Natural Law" class="mw-redirect">Natural Law</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Scholasticism" title="Neo-Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a>
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;">20th–21st<br />
century</div>
</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_linguistics" title="Generative linguistics" class="mw-redirect">Generative linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and Externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-ethics" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics#Contemporary_.27aretaic_turn.27" title="Virtue ethics">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism#Twentieth-century_developments" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Historicism" title="New Historicism">New Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Other</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Positions</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" title="Institutional theory of art" class="mw-redirect">Institutionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology" class="mw-redirect">Deontology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism" title="Dualism">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonism" title="Reasonism">Reasonism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">
<div class="hlist">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_by_region" title="Category:Philosophy by region">Philosophy by region</a></li>
<li>Philosophy-related lists</li>
<li>Miscellaneous</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_by_region" title="Category:Philosophy by region">By region</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Native America</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" title="Polish philosophy" class="mw-redirect">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy" class="mw-redirect">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" title="Slovene philosophy" class="mw-redirect">Slovene</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Lists</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy" title="Outline of philosophy">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" title="Index of philosophy">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_philosophy" title="List of years in philosophy">Years</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy">Problems</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">Schools</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" title="Glossary of philosophy">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_movement" title="Philosophical movement">Movements</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" title="List of important publications in philosophy">Publications</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">Miscellaneous</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sage (philosophy)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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</tr>
</table>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">WikiProject</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Philosophy topics">Changes</a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" title="Genetic epistemology">Genetic epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_realism" title="Representative realism" class="mw-redirect">Representative realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">Justification</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Knowledge</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_reason" title="Speculative reason">Speculative reason</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related articles</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethiology" title="Alethiology">Alethiology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-epistemology" title="Meta-epistemology">Meta-epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li>
</ul>
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<div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Epistemology" title="Portal:Epistemology">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Positivism" title="Template:Positivism"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Perspectives</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Declinations</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivist_school_(criminology)" title="Positivist school (criminology)">Positivist school</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_positivism" title="Sociological positivism" class="mw-redirect">Sociological positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (Empirio-criticism)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Rankean historical positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" title="Positivism in Poland">Polish positivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Russian positivism (Empiriomonism)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Principal concepts</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification" title="Theory of justification">Justificationism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle#Critique_of_metaphysics" title="Vienna Circle">Critique of metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Antitheses</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shifts</a><br />
in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry (1830s)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Heisenberg uncertainty principle (1927)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism">Behavioralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">Epistemological idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism#Anthropology" title="Holism">Holism in anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism in literature</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic" title="Nomothetic and idiographic">Nomothetic–idiographic distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">Objectivity in science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_sentence" title="Ramsey sentence">Ramsey sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense-data theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">Structuration theory</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em">&#160;</span>
<div style="font-size:114%">Positivist-related debate</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Method</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>1890s&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit"><i>Methodenstreit</i> (economics)</a></li>
<li>1909–1959&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></i></li>
<li>1960s&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_dispute" title="Positivism dispute">Positivismusstreit</a></i></li>
<li>1980s&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)#Fourth_Great_Debate" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Fourth Great Debate in international relations</a></li>
<li>1990s&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science Wars</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Contributions</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>1830&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy" title="The Course in Positive Philosophy">The Course in Positive Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li>1848&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism" title="A General View of Positivism">A General View of Positivism</a></i></li>
<li>1869&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_D%C3%BChring" title="Eugen Dühring">Critical History of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li>1879&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Laas" title="Ernst Laas">Idealism and Positivism</a></i></li>
<li>1886&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">The Analysis of Sensations</a></i></li>
<li>1927&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics" title="The Logic of Modern Physics">The Logic of Modern Physics</a></i></li>
<li>1936&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i></li>
<li>1959&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Cultures" title="The Two Cultures">The Two Cultures</a></i></li>
<li>2001&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell" title="The Universe in a Nutshell">The Universe in a Nutshell</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Proponents</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Avenarius" title="Richard Avenarius">Richard Avenarius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_D%C3%BChring" title="Eugen Dühring">Eugen Dühring</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Laas" title="Ernst Laas">Ernst Laas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Criticism</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>1909&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i></li>
<li>1923&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i></li>
<li>1934&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</a></i></li>
<li>1936&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" title="The Poverty of Historicism">The Poverty of Historicism</a></i></li>
<li>1942&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Hypotheses" title="World Hypotheses">World Hypotheses</a></i></li>
<li>1951&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i></li>
<li>1960&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a></i></li>
<li>1962&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a></i></li>
<li>1963&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectures_and_Refutations" title="Conjectures and Refutations" class="mw-redirect">Conjectures and Refutations</a></i></li>
<li>1964&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i></li>
<li>1968&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas#Major_works" title="Jürgen Habermas">Knowledge and Human Interests</a></i></li>
<li>1978&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._P._Thompson#Freelance_polemicist" title="E. P. Thompson">The Poverty of Theory</a></i></li>
<li>1980&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">The Scientific Image</a></i></li>
<li>1986&#160;<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCloskey_critique" title="McCloskey critique">The Rhetoric of Economics</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Critics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Concepts in contention</th>
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<li><strong class="selflink">Knowledge</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></i></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4066559-8">4066559-8</a></span></li>
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						<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Knowledge" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Knowledge" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;oldid=703313463" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knowledge&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-wikibase"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9081" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Knowledge&amp;id=703313463" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li>					</ul>
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						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissen" title="Wissen – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="معرفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoiximiento" title="Conoiximiento – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocencia" title="Conocencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilik" title="Bilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্ঞান – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AC-sek" title="Tì-sek – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Белем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Веды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Веды – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Знание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissn" title="Wissn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouiziegezh" title="Gouiziegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Эрдэм – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneixement" title="Coneixement – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="Пĕлӳ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznatek" title="Poznatek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzivo" title="Ruzivo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwybodaeth_(epistemoleg)" title="Gwybodaeth (epistemoleg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viden" title="Viden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissen" title="Wissen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadmine" title="Teadmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Γνώση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocimiento" title="Conocimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scio" title="Scio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankari" title="Jankari – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaissance" title="Connaissance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B1ecemento" title="Coñecemento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D" title="지식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Գիտելիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo" title="Savo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaammo" title="Pannakaammo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognoscentia" title="Cognoscentia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eekking" title="Þekking – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoscenza" title="Conoscenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="ידע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ცოდნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Білім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuzi" title="Ujuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEn" title="Zanîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Билим – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89" title="ຄວາມຮູ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_(declarativa)" title="Scientia (declarativa) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81%C5%A1anas" title="Zināšanas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABssen" title="Wëssen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismeret" title="Ismeret – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Знаење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="അറിവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دانش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincimiento" title="Coincimiento – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiliztli" title="Machiliztli – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хаар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskap" title="Kunnskap – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskap" title="Kunnskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneissen%C3%A7a" title="Coneissença – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جانکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%87" title="پوهه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conossensa" title="Conossensa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedza" title="Wiedza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conhecimento" title="Conhecimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunoa%C8%99tere" title="Cunoaștere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Знаня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Знание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Билии – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knawledge" title="Knawledge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dituria" title="Dituria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuscenza" title="Canuscenza – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="දැණුම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedenie_(filozofia)" title="Vedenie (filozofia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqoon" title="Aqoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زانین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Знање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaweruh" title="Pangaweruh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieto" title="Tieto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunskap" title="Kunskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalaman" title="Kaalaman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அறிவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Белем – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="ความรู้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B2%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi" title="Bilgi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Знання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دانش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiz" title="Caiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tri thức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaram" title="Kaaram – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="וויסן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="Knowledge#"></a></li>					</ul>
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