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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Consciousness</h1>
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				<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about cognition.  For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_(disambiguation)" title="Consciousness (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Consciousness (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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Representation of consciousness from the seventeenth century</div>
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<p><b>Consciousness</b> is the state or <a href="Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">quality</a> of awareness, or, of being <a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">aware</a> of an external object or something within oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_Gulick2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-van_Gulick2004-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> It has been defined as: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a>, <a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a>, the ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experience</a> or to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness" title="Wakefulness">wakefulness</a>, having a sense of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self" title="Self">selfhood</a>, and the executive control system of the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Farthing1992Psychology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Farthing1992Psychology-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite the difficulty in definition, many philosophers believe that there is a broadly shared underlying intuition about what consciousness is.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a> and Susan Schneider wrote in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness</i>: "Anything that we are aware of at a given moment forms part of our consciousness, making conscious experience at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Western <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a>, since the time of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, have struggled to comprehend the nature of consciousness and pin down its essential properties. Issues of concern in the philosophy of consciousness include whether the concept is fundamentally coherent; whether consciousness can ever be explained <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistically</a>; whether <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-human" title="Non-human">non-human</a> consciousness exists and if so how can it be recognized; how consciousness relates to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>; whether consciousness can be understood in a way that does not require a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualistic</a> distinction between mental and physical states or properties; and whether it may ever be possible for computing machines like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> to be conscious, a topic studied in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.</p>
<p>Thanks to recent developments in technology, consciousness has become a significant topic of research in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> within the past few decades. The primary focus is on understanding what it means biologically and psychologically for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> to be present in consciousness—that is, on determining the neural and psychological correlates of consciousness. The majority of experimental studies assess consciousness by asking human subjects for a verbal report of their experiences (e.g., "tell me if you notice anything when I do this"). Issues of interest include phenomena such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_stimuli" title="Subliminal stimuli">subliminal perception</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">blindsight</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">denial of impairment</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a> produced by alcohol and other drugs, or spiritual or meditative techniques.</p>
<p>In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, consciousness is assessed by observing a patient's arousal and responsiveness, and can be seen as a continuum of states ranging from full alertness and comprehension, through disorientation, delirium, loss of meaningful communication, and finally loss of movement in response to painful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Issues of practical concern include how the presence of consciousness can be assessed in severely ill, comatose, or anesthetized people, and how to treat conditions in which consciousness is impaired or disrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div class="toclimit-3">
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="Consciousness#Etymology_and_early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology and early history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="Consciousness#In_the_dictionary"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In the dictionary</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="Consciousness#Philosophy_of_mind"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Philosophy of mind</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="Consciousness#The_coherence_of_the_concept"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">The coherence of the concept</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="Consciousness#Types_of_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Types of consciousness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="Consciousness#Mind.E2.80.93body_problem"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mind–body problem</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="Consciousness#Problem_of_other_minds"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Problem of other minds</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="Consciousness#Animal_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Animal consciousness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="Consciousness#Artifact_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Artifact consciousness</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="Consciousness#Scientific_study"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific study</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="Consciousness#Measurement"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Measurement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="Consciousness#Neural_correlates"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Neural correlates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="Consciousness#Biological_function_and_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Biological function and evolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="Consciousness#States_of_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">States of consciousness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="Consciousness#Phenomenology"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Phenomenology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="Consciousness#Medical_aspects"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Medical aspects</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="Consciousness#Assessment"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Assessment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="Consciousness#Disorders_of_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Disorders of consciousness</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="Consciousness#Anosognosia"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Anosognosia</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="Consciousness#Stream_of_consciousness"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Stream of consciousness</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="Consciousness#Narrative_form"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Narrative form</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="Consciousness#Spiritual_approaches"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Spiritual approaches</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="Consciousness#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="Consciousness#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="Consciousness#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="Consciousness#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_early_history">Etymology and early history</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and early history">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, British philosopher active in the 17th century</div>
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<p>The origin of the modern concept of consciousness is often attributed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="Essay Concerning Human Understanding" class="mw-redirect">Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, published in 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Locke defined consciousness as "the perception of what passes in a man's own mind".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> His essay influenced the 18th-century view of consciousness, and his definition appeared in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s celebrated <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="A Dictionary of the English Language">Dictionary</a></i> (1755).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> "Consciousness" (French: <i>conscience</i>) is also defined in the 1753 volume of Diderot and d'Alembert's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>, as "the opinion or internal feeling that we ourselves have from what we do." <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The earliest English language uses of "conscious" and "consciousness" date back, however, to the 1500s. The English word "conscious" originally derived from the Latin <i>conscius</i> (<i>con-</i> "together" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scio" class="extiw" title="wikt:scio"><i>scio</i></a> "to know"), but the Latin word did not have the same meaning as our word—it meant "knowing with", in other words "having joint or common <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> with another".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> There were, however, many occurrences in Latin writings of the phrase <i>conscius sibi</i>, which translates literally as "knowing with oneself", or in other words "sharing knowledge with oneself about something". This phrase had the figurative meaning of "knowing that one knows", as the modern English word "conscious" does. In its earliest uses in the 1500s, the English word "conscious" retained the meaning of the Latin <i>conscius</i>. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan</a></i> wrote: "Where two, or more men, know of one and the same fact, they are said to be Conscious of it one to another."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The Latin phrase <i>conscius sibi</i>, whose meaning was more closely related to the current concept of consciousness, was rendered in English as "conscious to oneself" or "conscious unto oneself". For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_Ussher" title="Archbishop Ussher" class="mw-redirect">Archbishop Ussher</a> wrote in 1613 of "being so conscious unto myself of my great weakness".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Locke's definition from 1690 illustrates that a gradual shift in meaning had taken place.</p>
<p>A related word was <i><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/conscientia" class="extiw" title="la:conscientia">conscientia</a></i>, which primarily means <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>. In the literal sense, "conscientia" means knowledge-with, that is, shared knowledge. The word first appears in Latin juridical texts by writers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Here, <i>conscientia</i> is the knowledge that a witness has of the deed of someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) is generally taken to be the first philosopher to use <i>conscientia</i> in a way that does not fit this traditional meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Descartes used <i>conscientia</i> the way modern speakers would use "conscience". In <i>Search after Truth</i> (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Regulæ ad directionem ingenii ut et inquisitio veritatis per lumen naturale</span></i>, Amsterdam 1701) he says "conscience or internal testimony" (<i>conscientiâ, vel interno testimonio</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_dictionary">In the dictionary</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: In the dictionary">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The dictionary meaning of the word <i>consciousness</i> extends through several centuries and associated cognate meanings which have ranged from formal definitions to somewhat more skeptical definitions. One formal definition indicating the range of these cognate meanings is given in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary" class="mw-redirect">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i> stating that <i>consciousness</i> is: "(1) a. awareness or perception of an inward psychological or spiritual fact: intuitively perceived knowledge of something in one's inner self. b. inward awareness of an external object, state, or fact. c: concerned awareness: INTEREST, CONCERN -- often used with an attributive noun. (2): the state or activity that is characterized by sensation, emotion, volition, or thought: mind in the broadest possible sense: something in nature that is distinguished from the physical. (3): the totality in psychology of sensations, perceptions, ideas, attitudes and feelings of which an individual or a group is aware at any given time or within a particular time span -- compare STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS."</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophy_of_mind">Philosophy of mind</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Philosophy of mind">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> has given rise to many stances regarding consciousness. The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> in 1998 defines consciousness as follows:</p>
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<p><b>Consciousness</b>—Philosophers have used the term 'consciousness' for four main topics: knowledge in general, intentionality, introspection (and the knowledge it specifically generates) and phenomenal experience... Something within one's mind is 'introspectively conscious' just in case one introspects it (or is poised to do so). Introspection is often thought to deliver one's primary knowledge of one's mental life. An experience or other mental entity is 'phenomenally conscious' just in case there is 'something it is like' for one to have it. The clearest examples are: perceptual experience, such as tastings and seeings; bodily-sensational experiences, such as those of pains, tickles and itches; imaginative experiences, such as those of one's own actions or perceptions; and streams of thought, as in the experience of thinking 'in words' or 'in images'. Introspection and phenomenality seem independent, or dissociable, although this is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_20-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Craig-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<p>In a more skeptical definition of <i>consciousness</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Sutherland" title="Stuart Sutherland">Stuart Sutherland</a> has exemplified some of the difficulties in fully ascertaining all of its cognate meanings in his entry for the 1989 version of the <i>Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology</i>:</p>
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<p><b>Consciousness</b>—The having of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; awareness. The term is impossible to define except in terms that are unintelligible without a grasp of what consciousness means. Many fall into the trap of equating consciousness with self-consciousness—to be conscious it is only necessary to be aware of the external world. Consciousness is a fascinating but elusive phenomenon: it is impossible to specify what it is, what it does, or why it has evolved. Nothing worth reading has been written on it.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_21-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Sutherland-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<p>Most writers on the philosophy of consciousness have been concerned to defend a particular point of view, and have organized their material accordingly. For surveys, the most common approach is to follow a historical path by associating stances with the philosophers who are most strongly associated with them, for example Descartes, Locke, Kant, etc. An alternative is to organize philosophical stances according to basic issues.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_coherence_of_the_concept">The coherence of the concept</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The coherence of the concept">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> While most people have a strong intuition for the existence of what they refer to as consciousness,<sup id="cite_ref-Antony2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Antony2001-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> skeptics argue that this intuition is false, either because the concept of consciousness is intrinsically incoherent, or because our intuitions about it are based in illusions. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>, for example, argued that traditional understanding of consciousness depends on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Cartesian dualist</a> outlook that improperly distinguishes between mind and body, or between mind and world. He proposed that we speak not of minds, bodies, and the world, but of individuals, or persons, acting in the world. Thus, by speaking of "consciousness" we end up misleading ourselves by thinking that there is any sort of thing as consciousness separated from behavioral and linguistic understandings.<sup id="cite_ref-RyleConsciousness_24-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-RyleConsciousness-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> More generally, many philosophers and scientists have been unhappy about the difficulty of producing a definition that does not involve circularity or fuzziness.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_21-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Sutherland-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_consciousness">Types of consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Types of consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many philosophers have argued that consciousness is a unitary concept that is understood intuitively by the majority of people in spite of the difficulty in defining it.<sup id="cite_ref-Antony2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Antony2001-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Others, though, have argued that the level of disagreement about the meaning of the word indicates that it either means different things to different people (for instance, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> versus <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjective</a> aspects of consciousness), or else is an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_term" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> encompassing a variety of distinct meanings with no simple element in common.<sup id="cite_ref-Velmans2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Velmans2009-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a> proposed a distinction between two types of consciousness that he called <i>phenomenal</i> (P-consciousness) and <i>access</i> (A-consciousness).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> P-consciousness, according to Block, is simply raw experience: it is moving, colored forms, sounds, sensations, emotions and feelings with our bodies and responses at the center. These experiences, considered independently of any impact on behavior, are called <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a></i>. A-consciousness, on the other hand, is the phenomenon whereby information in our minds is accessible for verbal report, reasoning, and the control of behavior. So, when we <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceive</a>, information about what we perceive is access conscious; when we <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspect</a>, information about our thoughts is access conscious; when we <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">remember</a>, information about the past is access conscious, and so on. Although some philosophers, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>, have disputed the validity of this distinction,<sup id="cite_ref-D375_27-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-D375-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> others have broadly accepted it. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> has argued that A-consciousness can in principle be understood in mechanistic terms, but that understanding P-consciousness is much more challenging: he calls this the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChalmersHardProblem_28-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-ChalmersHardProblem-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Some philosophers believe that Block's two types of consciousness are not the end of the story. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a>, for example, argued in his book <i>Consciousness and Experience</i> that at least eight clearly distinct types of consciousness can be identified (organism consciousness; control consciousness; consciousness <i>of</i>; state/event consciousness; reportability; introspective consciousness; subjective consciousness; self-consciousness)—and that even this list omits several more obscure forms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>There is also debate in whether or not a-consciousness and p-consciousness always co-exist or if they can exist separately. Although p-consciousness without a-consciousness is more widely accepted, there have been some hypothetical examples of A without P. Block for instance suggests the case of a “zombie” that is computationally identical to a person but without any subjectivity. However, he remains somewhat skeptical concluding "I don’t know whether there are any actual cases of A-consciousness without P-consciousness, but I hope I have illustrated their conceptual possibility." <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mind.E2.80.93body_problem">Mind–body problem</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Mind–body problem">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descartes_mind_and_body.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/200px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif" width="200" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/300px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/400px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="609" /></a>
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Illustration of dualism by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>. Inputs are passed by the sensory organs to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a> and from there to the immaterial spirit.</div>
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<p>Mental processes (such as consciousness) and physical processes (such as brain events) seem to be correlated: but what is the basis of this connection and correlation between what seem to be two very different kinds of processes?</p>
<p>The first influential philosopher to discuss this question specifically was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, and the answer he gave is known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Cartesian dualism</a>. Descartes proposed that consciousness resides within an immaterial domain he called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_substance" title="Mental substance">res cogitans</a> (the realm of thought), in contrast to the domain of material things, which he called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_extensa" title="Res extensa">res extensa</a> (the realm of extension).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> He suggested that the interaction between these two domains occurs inside the brain, perhaps in a small midline structure called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_pineal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Stanford_pineal-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Although it is widely accepted that Descartes explained the problem cogently, few later philosophers have been happy with his solution, and his ideas about the pineal gland have especially been ridiculed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> However, no alternative solution has gained general acceptance. Proposed solutions can be divided broadly into two categories: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualist</a> solutions that maintain Descartes' rigid distinction between the realm of consciousness and the realm of matter but give different answers for how the two realms relate to each other; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> solutions that maintain that there is really only one realm of being, of which consciousness and matter are both aspects. Each of these categories itself contains numerous variants. The two main types of dualism are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dualism" title="Substance dualism" class="mw-redirect">substance dualism</a> (which holds that the mind is formed of a distinct type of substance not governed by the laws of physics) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">property dualism</a> (which holds that the laws of physics are universally valid but cannot be used to explain the mind). The three main types of monism are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a> (which holds that the mind consists of matter organized in a particular way), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> (which holds that only thought or experience truly exists, and matter is merely an illusion), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">neutral monism</a> (which holds that both mind and matter are aspects of a distinct essence that is itself identical to neither of them). There are also, however, a large number of idiosyncratic theories that cannot cleanly be assigned to any of these camps.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Since the dawn of Newtonian science with its vision of simple mechanical principles governing the entire universe, some philosophers have been tempted by the idea that consciousness could be explained in purely physical terms. The first influential writer to propose such an idea explicitly was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a>, in his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_a_Machine" title="Man a Machine">Man a Machine</a></i> (<i>L'homme machine</i>). His arguments, however, were very abstract.<sup id="cite_ref-LaMettrie_35-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-LaMettrie-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> The most influential modern physical theories of consciousness are based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>. Theories proposed by neuroscientists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio" title="António Damásio" class="mw-redirect">Antonio Damasio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DamasioFeeling_37-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-DamasioFeeling-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> and by philosophers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> seek to explain consciousness in terms of neural events occurring within the brain. Many other neuroscientists, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KochQuest_39-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-KochQuest-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> have explored the neural basis of consciousness without attempting to frame all-encompassing global theories. At the same time, computer scientists working in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> have pursued the goal of creating digital computer programs that can <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">simulate or embody consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A few theoretical physicists have argued that classical physics is intrinsically incapable of explaining the holistic aspects of consciousness, but that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a> may provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">the missing ingredients</a>. Several theorists have therefore proposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">quantum mind</a> (QM) theories of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_qm_cos_41-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Stanford_qm_cos-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Notable theories falling into this category include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">holonomic brain theory</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orch-OR" title="Orch-OR" class="mw-redirect">Orch-OR theory</a> formulated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>. Some of these QM theories offer descriptions of phenomenal consciousness, as well as QM interpretations of access consciousness. None of the quantum mechanical theories has been confirmed by experiment. Recent publications by G. Guerreshi, J. Cia, S. Popescu, and H. Briegel<sup id="cite_ref-Cai2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Cai2010-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> could falsify proposals such as those of Hameroff, which rely on quantum entanglement in protein. At the present time many scientists and philosophers consider the arguments for an important role of quantum phenomena to be unconvincing.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Apart from the general question of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">"hard problem" of consciousness</a>, roughly speaking, the question of how mental experience arises from a physical basis,<sup id="cite_ref-Gennaro_44-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Gennaro-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> a more specialized question is how to square the subjective notion that we are in control of our decisions (at least in some small measure) with the customary view of causality that subsequent events are caused by prior events. The topic of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> is the philosophical and scientific examination of this conundrum.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Problem_of_other_minds">Problem of other minds</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Problem of other minds">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Many philosophers consider experience to be the essence of consciousness, and believe that experience can only fully be known from the inside, subjectively. But if consciousness is subjective and not visible from the outside, why do the vast majority of people believe that other people are conscious, but rocks and trees are not?<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> This is called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">problem of other minds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> It is particularly acute for people who believe in the possibility of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombies</a>, that is, people who think it is possible in principle to have an entity that is physically indistinguishable from a human being and behaves like a human being in every way but nevertheless lacks consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Related issues have also been studied extensively by Greg Littmann of the University of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144_48-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> and Colin Allen a professor at Indiana University regarding the literature and research studying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> in androids.<sup id="cite_ref-Machine_Morals_2010_49-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Machine_Morals_2010-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The most commonly given answer is that we attribute consciousness to other people because we see that they resemble us in appearance and behavior; we reason that if they look like us and act like us, they must be like us in other ways, including having experiences of the sort that we do.<sup id="cite_ref-HyslopAnalogy_50-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-HyslopAnalogy-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> There are, however, a variety of problems with that explanation. For one thing, it seems to violate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">principle of parsimony</a>, by postulating an invisible entity that is not necessary to explain what we observe.<sup id="cite_ref-HyslopAnalogy_50-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-HyslopAnalogy-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> in an essay titled <i>The Unimagined Preposterousness of Zombies</i>, argue that people who give this explanation do not really understand what they are saying.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> More broadly, philosophers who do not accept the possibility of zombies generally believe that consciousness is reflected in behavior (including verbal behavior), and that we attribute consciousness on the basis of behavior. A more straightforward way of saying this is that we attribute experiences to people because of what they can <i>do</i>, including the fact that they can tell us about their experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Animal_consciousness">Animal consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Animal consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></div>
<p>The topic of animal consciousness is beset by a number of difficulties. It poses the problem of other minds in an especially severe form, because non-human animals, lacking the ability to express human language, cannot tell us about their experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_53-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Allen-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, it is difficult to reason objectively about the question, because a denial that an animal is conscious is often taken to imply that it does not feel, its life has no value, and that harming it is not morally wrong. Descartes, for example, has sometimes been blamed for mistreatment of animals due to the fact that he believed only humans have a non-physical mind.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> Most people have a strong intuition that some animals, such as cats and dogs, are conscious, while others, such as insects, are not; but the sources of this intuition are not obvious, and are often based on personal interactions with pets and other animals they have observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_53-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Allen-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_it_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F" title="What Is it Like to Be a Bat?">What Is it Like to Be a Bat?</a></i>. He said that an organism is conscious "if and only if there is something that it is like to be that organism — something it is like <i>for</i> the organism"; and he argued that no matter how much we know about an animal's brain and behavior, we can never really put ourselves into the mind of the animal and experience its world in the way it does itself.<sup id="cite_ref-NagelBat_55-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-NagelBat-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup> Other thinkers, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>, dismiss this argument as incoherent.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Several psychologists and ethologists have argued for the existence of animal consciousness by describing a range of behaviors that appear to show animals holding beliefs about things they cannot directly perceive — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Griffin" title="Donald Griffin">Donald Griffin</a>'s 2001 book <i>Animal Minds</i> reviews a substantial portion of the evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin2001_57-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Griffin2001-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>On July 7, 2012, eminent scientists from different branches of neuroscience gathered at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> to celebrate the Francis Crick Memorial Conference, which deals with consciousness in humans and pre-linguistic consciousness in nonhuman animals. After the conference, they signed in the presence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey:</p>
<p>"We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific. It's obvious to everyone in this room that animals have consciousness, but it is not obvious to the rest of the world. It is not obvious to the rest of the Western world or the Far East. It is not obvious to the society."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>"Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals [...], including all mammals and birds, and other creatures, [...] have the necessary neural substrates of consciousness and the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artifact_consciousness">Artifact consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Artifact consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></div>
<p>The idea of an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artifact" class="extiw" title="wikt:artifact">artifact</a> made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a>, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the possibility of actually constructing a conscious machine was probably first discussed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>, in a set of notes written in 1842 about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a> invented by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, a precursor (never built) to modern electronic computers. Lovelace was essentially dismissive of the idea that a machine such as the Analytical Engine could think in a humanlike way. She wrote:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>It is desirable to guard against the possibility of exaggerated ideas that might arise as to the powers of the Analytical Engine.&#160;... The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to <i>originate</i> anything. It can do whatever we <i>know how to order it</i> to perform. It can <i>follow</i> analysis; but it has no power of <i>anticipating</i> any analytical relations or truths. Its province is to assist us in making <i>available</i> what we are already acquainted with.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>One of the most influential contributions to this question was an essay written in 1950 by pioneering computer scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, titled <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence" title="Computing Machinery and Intelligence">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a></i>. Turing disavowed any interest in terminology, saying that even "Can machines think?" is too loaded with spurious connotations to be meaningful; but he proposed to replace all such questions with a specific operational test, which has become known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tu_62-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-tu-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> To pass the test, a computer must be able to imitate a human well enough to fool interrogators. In his essay Turing discussed a variety of possible objections, and presented a counterargument to each of them. The Turing test is commonly cited in discussions of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> as a proposed criterion for machine consciousness; it has provoked a great deal of philosophical debate. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> argue that anything capable of passing the Turing test is necessarily conscious,<sup id="cite_ref-MindsI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-MindsI-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> argues that a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a> could pass the test, yet fail to be conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-Chalmers_64-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Chalmers-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> A third group of scholars have argued that with technological growth once machines begin to display any substantial signs of human-like behavior then the dichotomy (of human consciousness compared to human-like consciousness) becomes passé and issues of machine autonomy begin to prevail even as observed in its nascent form within contemporary industry and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144_48-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Machine_Morals_2010_49-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Machine_Morals_2010-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In a lively exchange over what has come to be referred to as "the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a> argument", <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> sought to refute the claim of proponents of what he calls "strong artificial intelligence (AI)" that a computer program can be conscious, though he does agree with advocates of "weak AI" that computer programs can be formatted to "simulate" conscious states. His own view is that consciousness has subjective, first-person causal powers by being essentially intentional due simply to the way human brains function biologically; conscious persons can perform computations, but consciousness is not inherently computational the way computer programs are. To make a Turing machine that speaks Chinese, Searle imagines a room with one monolingual English speaker (Searle himself, in fact), a book that designates a combination of Chinese symbols to be output paired with Chinese symbol input, and boxes filled with Chinese symbols. In this case, the English speaker is acting as a computer and the rulebook as a program. Searle argues that with such a machine, he would be able to process the inputs to outputs perfectly without having any understanding of Chinese, nor having any idea what the questions and answers could possibly mean. If the experiment were done in English, since Searle knows English, he would be able to take questions and give answers without any algorithms for English questions, and he would be effectively aware of what was being said and the purposes it might serve. Searle would pass the Turing test of answering the questions in both languages, but he is only conscious of what he is doing when he speaks English. Another way of putting the argument is to say that computer programs can pass the Turing test for processing the syntax of a language, but that the syntax cannot lead to semantic meaning in the way strong AI advocates hoped.<sup id="cite_ref-Searle1990_65-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Searle1990-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SearleSEP_66-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-SearleSEP-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the literature concerning artificial intelligence, Searle's essay has been second only to Turing's in the volume of debate it has generated.<sup id="cite_ref-Searle1980_67-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Searle1980-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup> Searle himself was vague about what extra ingredients it would take to make a machine conscious: all he proposed was that what was needed was "causal powers" of the sort that the brain has and that computers lack. But other thinkers sympathetic to his basic argument have suggested that the necessary (though perhaps still not sufficient) extra conditions may include the ability to pass not just the verbal version of the Turing test, but the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotic</a> version,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> which requires <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_grounding" title="Symbol grounding" class="mw-redirect">grounding</a> the robot's words in the robot's sensorimotor capacity to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization" title="Categorization">categorize</a> and interact with the things in the world that its words are about, Turing-indistinguishably from a real person. Turing-scale robotics is an empirical branch of research on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied cognition</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situated_cognition" title="Situated cognition">situated cognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_study">Scientific study</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Scientific study">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>For many decades, consciousness as a research topic was avoided by the majority of mainstream scientists, because of a general feeling that a phenomenon defined in subjective terms could not properly be studied using objective experimental methods.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1975 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mandler" title="George Mandler">George Mandler</a> published an influential psychological study which distinguished between slow, serial, and limited conscious processes and fast, parallel and extensive unconscious ones.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1980s, an expanding community of neuroscientists and psychologists have associated themselves with a field called <i>Consciousness Studies</i>, giving rise to a stream of experimental work published in books,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> journals such as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontiersin.org/Consciousness_Research">Frontiers in Consciousness Research</a></i>, and the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies" title="Journal of Consciousness Studies">Journal of Consciousness Studies</a></i>, along with regular conferences organized by groups such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Consciousness" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness">Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Modern medical and psychological investigations into consciousness are based on psychological experiments (including, for example, the investigation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">priming</a> effects using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_stimuli" title="Subliminal stimuli">subliminal stimuli</a>), and on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_studies" title="Case studies" class="mw-redirect">case studies</a> of alterations in consciousness produced by trauma, illness, or drugs. Broadly viewed, scientific approaches are based on two core concepts. The first identifies the content of consciousness with the experiences that are reported by human subjects; the second makes use of the concept of consciousness that has been developed by neurologists and other medical professionals who deal with patients whose behavior is impaired. In either case, the ultimate goals are to develop techniques for assessing consciousness objectively in humans as well as other animals, and to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie it.<sup id="cite_ref-KochQuest_39-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-KochQuest-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Measurement">Measurement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Necker_cube.svg/150px-Necker_cube.svg.png" width="150" height="135" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Necker_cube.svg/225px-Necker_cube.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Necker_cube.svg/300px-Necker_cube.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necker_cube.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a>, an ambiguous image</div>
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<p>Experimental research on consciousness presents special difficulties, due to the lack of a universally accepted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_definition" title="Operational definition">operational definition</a>. In the majority of experiments that are specifically about consciousness, the subjects are human, and the criterion used is verbal report: in other words, subjects are asked to describe their experiences, and their descriptions are treated as observations of the contents of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> For example, subjects who stare continuously at a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a> usually report that they experience it "flipping" between two 3D configurations, even though the stimulus itself remains the same.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup> The objective is to understand the relationship between the conscious awareness of stimuli (as indicated by verbal report) and the effects the stimuli have on brain activity and behavior. In several paradigms, such as the technique of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_priming" title="Response priming">response priming</a>, the behavior of subjects is clearly influenced by stimuli for which they report no awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_76-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Schmidt-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Verbal report is widely considered to be the most reliable indicator of consciousness, but it raises a number of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Destrebecqz_77-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Destrebecqz-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> For one thing, if verbal reports are treated as observations, akin to observations in other branches of science, then the possibility arises that they may contain errors—but it is difficult to make sense of the idea that subjects could be wrong about their own experiences, and even more difficult to see how such an error could be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> has argued for an approach he calls <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophenomenology" title="Heterophenomenology">heterophenomenology</a>, which means treating verbal reports as stories that may or may not be true, but his ideas about how to do this have not been widely adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> Another issue with verbal report as a criterion is that it restricts the field of study to humans who have language: this approach cannot be used to study consciousness in other species, pre-linguistic children, or people with types of brain damage that impair language. As a third issue, philosophers who dispute the validity of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> may feel that it is possible, at least in principle, for verbal report to be dissociated from consciousness entirely: a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a> may give detailed verbal reports of awareness in the absence of any genuine awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Although verbal report is in practice the "gold standard" for ascribing consciousness, it is not the only possible criterion.<sup id="cite_ref-Destrebecqz_77-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Destrebecqz-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> In medicine, consciousness is assessed as a combination of verbal behavior, arousal, brain activity and purposeful movement. The last three of these can be used as indicators of consciousness when verbal behavior is absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Giacino_81-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Giacino-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> The scientific literature regarding the neural bases of arousal and purposeful movement is very extensive. Their reliability as indicators of consciousness is disputed, however, due to numerous studies showing that alert human subjects can be induced to behave purposefully in a variety of ways in spite of reporting a complete lack of awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt_76-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Schmidt-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Studies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will" title="Neuroscience of free will">neuroscience of free will</a> have also shown that the experiences that people report when they behave purposefully sometimes do not correspond to their actual behaviors or to the patterns of electrical activity recorded from their brains.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Another approach applies specifically to the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a>, that is, the ability to distinguish oneself from others. In the 1970s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon Gallup</a> developed an operational test for self-awareness, known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test" title="Mirror test">mirror test</a>. The test examines whether animals are able to differentiate between seeing themselves in a mirror versus seeing other animals. The classic example involves placing a spot of coloring on the skin or fur near the individual's forehead and seeing if they attempt to remove it or at least touch the spot, thus indicating that they recognize that the individual they are seeing in the mirror is themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> Humans (older than 18 months) and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">great apes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a>, killer whales, pigeons, European magpies and elephants have all been observed to pass this test.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Neural_correlates">Neural correlates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Neural correlates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Schema of the neural processes underlying consciousness, from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a></div>
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<p>A major part of the scientific literature on consciousness consists of studies that examine the relationship between the experiences reported by subjects and the activity that simultaneously takes place in their brains—that is, studies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">neural correlates of consciousness</a>. The hope is to find that activity in a particular part of the brain, or a particular pattern of global brain activity, which will be strongly predictive of conscious awareness. Several brain imaging techniques, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEG" title="EEG" class="mw-redirect">EEG</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRI" title="FMRI" class="mw-redirect">fMRI</a>, have been used for physical measures of brain activity in these studies.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Another idea that has drawn attention for several decades is that consciousness is associated with high-frequency (gamma band) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillations" title="Neural oscillations" class="mw-redirect">oscillations in brain activity</a>. This idea arose from proposals in the 1980s, by Christof von der Malsburg and Wolf Singer, that gamma oscillations could solve the so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a>, by linking information represented in different parts of the brain into a unified experience.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a>, for example, proposed that consciousness results from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_thalamo-cortical_resonance" title="Recurrent thalamo-cortical resonance">recurrent thalamo-cortical resonance</a> where the specific thalamocortical systems (content) and the non-specific (centromedial thalamus) thalamocortical systems (context) interact in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">gamma</a> band frequency via synchronous oscillations.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>A number of studies have shown that activity in primary sensory areas of the brain is not sufficient to produce consciousness: it is possible for subjects to report a lack of awareness even when areas such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_visual_cortex" title="Primary visual cortex" class="mw-redirect">primary visual cortex</a> show clear electrical responses to a stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> Higher brain areas are seen as more promising, especially the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a>, which is involved in a range of higher cognitive functions collectively known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>. There is substantial evidence that a "top-down" flow of neural activity (i.e., activity propagating from the frontal cortex to sensory areas) is more predictive of conscious awareness than a "bottom-up" flow of activity.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> The prefrontal cortex is not the only candidate area, however: studies by Nikos Logothetis and his colleagues have shown, for example, that visually responsive neurons in parts of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> reflect the visual perception in the situation when conflicting visual images are presented to different eyes (i.e., bistable percepts during binocular rivalry).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Modulation of neural responses may correlate with phenomenal experiences. In contrast to the raw electrical responses that do not correlate with consciousness, the modulation of these responses by other stimuli correlates surprisingly well with an important aspect of consciousness: namely with the phenomenal experience of stimulus intensity (brightness, contrast). In the research group of Danko Nikolić it has been shown that some of the changes in the subjectively perceived brightness correlated with the modulation of firing rates while others correlated with the modulation of neural synchrony.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup> An fMRI investigation suggested that these findings were strictly limited to the primary visual areas.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> This indicates that, in the primary visual areas, changes in firing rates and synchrony can be considered as neural correlates of qualia—at least for some type of qualia.</p>
<p>In 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Graziano" title="Michael Graziano">Graziano</a> and Kastner<sup id="cite_ref-Graziano.26Kastner2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Graziano.26Kastner2011-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> proposed the "attention schema" theory of awareness. In that theory, specific cortical areas, notably in the superior temporal sulcus and the temporo-parietal junction, are used to build the construct of awareness and attribute it to other people. The same cortical machinery is also used to attribute awareness to oneself. Damage to these cortical regions can lead to deficits in consciousness such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispatial_neglect" title="Hemispatial neglect">hemispatial neglect</a>. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> schema theory, the value of explaining the feature of awareness and attributing it to a person is to gain a useful predictive model of that person's attentional processing. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a> is a style of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing" title="Information processing">information processing</a> in which a brain focuses its resources on a limited set of interrelated signals. Awareness, in this theory, is a useful, simplified schema that represents attentional states. To be aware of X is explained by constructing a model of one's attentional focus on X.</p>
<p>In the 2013, the <i>perturbational complexity index</i> (PCI) was proposed, a measure of the algorithmic complexity of the electrophysiological response of the cortex to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a>. This measure was shown to be higher in individuals that are awake, in REM sleep or in a locked-in state than in those who are in deep sleep or in a vegetative state,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> making it potentially useful as a quantitative assessment of consciousness states.</p>
<p>Assuming that not only humans but even some non-mammalian species are conscious, a number of evolutionary approaches to the problem of neural correlates of consciousness open up. For example, assuming that birds are conscious — a common assumption among neuroscientists and ethologists due to the extensive cognitive repertoire of birds — there are comparative neuroanatomical ways to validate some of the principal, currently competing, mammalian consciousness–brain theories. The rationale for such a comparative study is that the avian brain deviates structurally from the mammalian brain. So how similar are they? What homologues can be identified? The general conclusion from the study by Butler, et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-Butler2005_95-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Butler2005-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> is that some of the major theories for the mammalian brain <sup id="cite_ref-Crick1995_96-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Crick1995-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Edelman2000-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotterill2001_98-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Cotterill2001-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> also appear to be valid for the avian brain. The structures assumed to be critical for consciousness in mammalian brains have homologous counterparts in avian brains. Thus the main portions of the theories of Crick and Koch,<sup id="cite_ref-Crick1995_96-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Crick1995-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> Edelman and Tononi,<sup id="cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Edelman2000-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> and Cotterill <sup id="cite_ref-Cotterill2001_98-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Cotterill2001-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup> seem to be compatible with the assumption that birds are conscious. Edelman also differentiates between what he calls primary consciousness (which is a trait shared by humans and non-human animals) and higher-order consciousness as it appears in humans alone along with human language capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-2" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Edelman2000-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup> Certain aspects of the three theories, however, seem less easy to apply to the hypothesis of avian consciousness. For instance, the suggestion by Crick and Koch that layer 5 neurons of the mammalian brain have a special role, seems difficult to apply to the avian brain, since the avian homologues have a different morphology. Likewise, the theory of Eccles<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> seems incompatible, since a structural homologue/analogue to the dendron has not been found in avian brains. The assumption of an avian consciousness also brings the reptilian brain into focus. The reason is the structural continuity between avian and reptilian brains, meaning that the phylogenetic origin of consciousness may be earlier than suggested by many leading neuroscientists.</p>
<p>Joaquin Fuster of UCLA has advocated the position of the importance of the prefrontal cortex in humans, along with the areas of Wernicke and Broca, as being of particular importance to the development of human language capacities neuro-anatomically necessary for the emergence of higher-order consciousness in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biological_function_and_evolution">Biological function and evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Biological function and evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Opinions are divided as to where in biological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> consciousness emerged and about whether or not consciousness has any survival value. It has been argued that consciousness emerged (i) exclusively with the first humans, (ii) exclusively with the first mammals, (iii) independently in mammals and birds, or (iv) with the first reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> Other authors date the origins of consciousness to the first animals with nervous systems or early vertebrates in the Cambrian over 500 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Griffin" title="Donald Griffin">Donald Griffin</a> suggests in his book <i>Animal Minds</i> a gradual evolution of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin2001_57-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Griffin2001-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Each of these scenarios raises the question of the possible survival value of consciousness.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> defends in an essay titled <i>On the Hypothesis that Animals are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automata</a>, and its History</i> an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">epiphenomenalist</a> theory of consciousness according to which consciousness is a causally inert effect of neural activity — “as the steam-whistle which accompanies the work of a locomotive engine is without influence upon its machinery”.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> To this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> objects in his essay <i>Are We Automata?</i> by stating an evolutionary argument for mind-brain interaction implying that if the preservation and development of consciousness in the biological evolution is a result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, it is plausible that consciousness has not only been influenced by neural processes, but has had a survival value itself; and it could only have had this if it had been efficacious.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> develops in the book <i>The Self and Its Brain</i> a similar evolutionary argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Popper1977_107-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Popper1977-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Regarding the primary function of conscious processing, a recurring idea in recent theories is that phenomenal states somehow integrate neural activities and information-processing that would otherwise be independent.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> This has been called the <i>integration consensus</i>. Another example has been proposed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> called dynamic core hypothesis which puts emphasis on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">reentrant</a> connections that reciprocally link areas of the brain in a massively parallel manner.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> Edelman also stresses the importance of the evolutionary emergence of higher-order consciousness in humans from the historically older trait of primary consciousness which humans share with non-human animals (see <i><a href="Consciousness#Neural_correlates">Neural correlates</a></i> section above). These theories of integrative function present solutions to two classic problems associated with consciousness: differentiation and unity. They show how our conscious experience can discriminate between a virtually unlimited number of different possible scenes and details (differentiation) because it integrates those details from our sensory systems, while the integrative nature of consciousness in this view easily explains how our experience can seem unified as one whole despite all of these individual parts. However, it remains unspecified which kinds of information are integrated in a conscious manner and which kinds can be integrated without consciousness. Nor is it explained what specific causal role conscious integration plays, nor why the same functionality cannot be achieved without consciousness. Obviously not all kinds of information are capable of being disseminated consciously (e.g., neural activity related to vegetative functions, reflexes, unconscious motor programs, low-level perceptual analyses, etc.) and many kinds of information can be disseminated and combined with other kinds without consciousness, as in intersensory interactions such as the ventriloquism effect.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> Hence it remains unclear why any of it is conscious. For a review of the differences between conscious and unconscious integrations, see the article of E. Morsella.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>As noted earlier, even among writers who consider consciousness to be a well-defined thing, there is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">widespread dispute</a> about which animals other than humans can be said to possess it.<sup id="cite_ref-ingvww_111-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-ingvww-111"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> Edelman has described this distinction as that of humans possessing higher-order consciousness while sharing the trait of primary consciousness with non-human animals (see previous paragraph). Thus, any examination of the evolution of consciousness is faced with great difficulties. Nevertheless, some writers have argued that consciousness can be viewed from the standpoint of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> in the sense of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">trait</a> that increases <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> In his article "Evolution of consciousness", John Eccles argued that special anatomical and physical properties of the mammalian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> gave rise to consciousness ("[a] psychon ... linked to [a] dendron through quantum physics").<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> Bernard Baars proposed that once in place, this "recursive" circuitry may have provided a basis for the subsequent development of many of the functions that consciousness facilitates in higher organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Baars_114-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Baars-114"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a> has put forth one such potential adaptive advantage gained by conscious creatures by suggesting that consciousness allows an individual to make distinctions between appearance and reality.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> This ability would enable a creature to recognize the likelihood that their perceptions are deceiving them (e.g. that water in the distance may be a mirage) and behave accordingly, and it could also facilitate the manipulation of others by recognizing how things appear to them for both cooperative and devious ends.</p>
<p>Other philosophers, however, have suggested that consciousness would not be necessary for any functional advantage in evolutionary processes.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-117"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> No one has given a causal explanation, they argue, of why it would not be possible for a functionally equivalent non-conscious organism (i.e., a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a>) to achieve the very same survival advantages as a conscious organism. If evolutionary processes are blind to the difference between function <i>F</i> being performed by conscious organism <i>O</i> and non-conscious organism <i>O*</i>, it is unclear what adaptive advantage consciousness could provide.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> As a result, an exaptive explanation of consciousness has gained favor with some theorists that posit consciousness did not evolve as an adaptation but was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">exaptation</a> arising as a consequence of other developments such as increases in brain size or cortical rearrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup> Consciousness in this sense has been compared to the blind spot in the retina where it is not an adaption of the retina, but instead just a by-product of the way the retinal axons were wired.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> Several scholars including Pinker, Chomsky, Edelman, and Luria have indicated the importance of the emergence of human language as an important regulative mechanism of learning and memory in the context of the development of higher-order consciousness (see <i><a href="Consciousness#Neural_correlates">Neural correlates</a></i> section above).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="States_of_consciousness">States of consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: States of consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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A Buddhist monk meditating</div>
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<p>There are some brain states in which consciousness seems to be absent, including dreamless sleep, coma, and death. There are also a variety of circumstances that can change the relationship between the mind and the world in less drastic ways, producing what are known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>. Some altered states occur naturally; others can be produced by drugs or brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitl_121-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Vaitl-121"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> Altered states can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alternations in body image and changes in meaning or significance.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The two most widely accepted altered states are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreaming</a>. Although dream sleep and non-dream sleep appear very similar to an outside observer, each is associated with a distinct pattern of brain activity, metabolic activity, and eye movement; each is also associated with a distinct pattern of experience and cognition. During ordinary non-dream sleep, people who are awakened report only vague and sketchy thoughts, and their experiences do not cohere into a continuous narrative. During dream sleep, in contrast, people who are awakened report rich and detailed experiences in which events form a continuous progression, which may however be interrupted by bizarre or fantastic intrusions.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> Thought processes during the dream state frequently show a high level of irrationality. Both dream and non-dream states are associated with severe disruption of memory: it usually disappears in seconds during the non-dream state, and in minutes after awakening from a dream unless actively refreshed.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Research conducted on the effects of partial epileptic seizures on consciousness found that patients who suffer from partial epileptic seizures experience altered states of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-126"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> In partial epileptic seizures, consciousness is impaired or lost while some aspects of consciousness, often automated behaviors, remain intact. Studies found that when measuring the qualitative features during partial epileptic seizures, patients exhibited an increase in arousal and became absorbed in the experience of the seizure, followed by difficulty in focusing and shifting attention.</p>
<p>A variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> have notable effects on consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-DSMIV_127-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-DSMIV-127"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> These range from a simple dulling of awareness produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a>, to increases in the intensity of sensory qualities produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, empathogens–entactogens such as MDMA ("Ecstasy"), or most notably by the class of drugs known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaitl_121-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Vaitl-121"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" title="Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect">Dimethyltryptamine</a>, and others in this group can produce major distortions of perception, including hallucinations; some users even describe their drug-induced experiences as mystical or spiritual in quality. The brain mechanisms underlying these effects are not as well understood as those induced by use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DSMIV_127-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-DSMIV-127"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> but there is substantial evidence that alterations in the brain system that uses the chemical neurotransmitter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> play an essential role.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>There has been some research into physiological changes in yogis and people who practise various techniques of meditation. Some research with brain waves during meditation has reported differences between those corresponding to ordinary relaxation and those corresponding to meditation. It has been disputed, however, whether there is enough evidence to count these as physiologically distinct states of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-MurphyMeditation_129-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-MurphyMeditation-129"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The most extensive study of the characteristics of altered states of consciousness was made by psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Charles Tart</a> in the 1960s and 1970s. Tart analyzed a state of consciousness as made up of a number of component processes, including exteroception (sensing the external world); interoception (sensing the body); input-processing (seeing meaning); emotions; memory; time sense; sense of identity; evaluation and cognitive processing; motor output; and interaction with the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-130"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup> Each of these, in his view, could be altered in multiple ways by drugs or other manipulations. The components that Tart identified have not, however, been validated by empirical studies. Research in this area has not yet reached firm conclusions, but a recent questionnaire-based study identified eleven significant factors contributing to drug-induced states of consciousness: experience of unity; spiritual experience; blissful state; insightfulness; disembodiment; impaired control and cognition; anxiety; complex imagery; elementary imagery; audio-visual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>; and changed meaning of percepts.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Phenomenology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Phenomenology is a method of inquiry that attempts to examine the structure of consciousness in its own right, putting aside problems regarding the relationship of consciousness to the physical world. This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> Husserl's original concept gave rise to two distinct lines of inquiry, in philosophy and psychology. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">In philosophy</a>, phenomenology has largely been devoted to fundamental metaphysical questions, such as the nature of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a> (<i>"aboutness"</i>). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">In psychology</a>, phenomenology largely has meant attempting to investigate consciousness using the method of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a>, which means looking into one's own mind and reporting what one observes. This method fell into disrepute in the early twentieth century because of grave doubts about its reliability, but has been rehabilitated to some degree, especially when used in combination with techniques for examining brain activity.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_color_spreading" title="Neon color spreading">Neon color spreading</a> effect. The apparent bluish tinge of the white areas inside the circle is an illusion.</div>
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Square version of the neon spread illusion</div>
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<p>Introspectively, the world of conscious experience seems to have considerable structure. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> asserted that the world as we perceive it is organized according to a set of fundamental "intuitions", which include <i>object</i> (we perceive the world as a set of distinct things); <i>shape</i>; <i>quality</i> (color, warmth, etc.); <i>space</i> (distance, direction, and location); and <i>time</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> Some of these constructs, such as space and time, correspond to the way the world is structured by the laws of physics; for others the correspondence is not as clear. Understanding the physical basis of qualities, such as redness or pain, has been particularly challenging. David Chalmers has called this the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">hard problem of consciousness</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChalmersHardProblem_28-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-ChalmersHardProblem-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Some philosophers have argued that it is intrinsically unsolvable, because qualities (<i>"qualia"</i>) are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineffability" title="Ineffability">ineffable</a>; that is, they are "raw feels", incapable of being analyzed into component processes.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> Most psychologists and neuroscientists reject these arguments. For example, research on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideasthesia" title="Ideasthesia">ideasthesia</a> shows that qualia are organised into a semantic-like network. Nevertheless, it is clear that the relationship between a physical entity such as light and a perceptual quality such as color is extraordinarily complex and indirect, as demonstrated by a variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_color_spreading" title="Neon color spreading">neon color spreading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In neuroscience, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating how the perceived world of conscious awareness is constructed inside the brain. The process is generally thought to involve two primary mechanisms: (1) hierarchical processing of sensory inputs, and (2) memory. Signals arising from sensory organs are transmitted to the brain and then processed in a series of stages, which extract multiple types of information from the raw input. In the visual system, for example, sensory signals from the eyes are transmitted to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> and then to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_visual_cortex" title="Primary visual cortex" class="mw-redirect">primary visual cortex</a>; inside the cerebral cortex they are sent to areas that extract features such as three-dimensional structure, shape, color, and motion.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettHacker_137-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-BennettHacker-137"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> Memory comes into play in at least two ways. First, it allows sensory information to be evaluated in the context of previous experience. Second, and even more importantly, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> allows information to be integrated over time so that it can generate a stable representation of the world—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> expressed this point vividly by titling one of his books about consciousness <i>The Remembered Present</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> In computational neuroscience, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_approaches_to_brain_function" title="Bayesian approaches to brain function">Bayesian approaches to brain function</a> have been used to understand both the evaluation of sensory information in light of previous experience, and the integration of information over time. Bayesian models of the brain are probabilistic inference models, in which the brain takes advantage of prior knowledge to interpret uncertain sensory inputs in order to formulate a conscious percept; Bayesian models have successfully predicted many perceptual phenomena in vision and the nonvisual senses.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Despite the large amount of information available, many important aspects of perception remain mysterious. A great deal is known about low-level signal processing in sensory systems, but the ways by which sensory systems interact with each other, with "executive" systems in the frontal cortex, and with the language system are very incompletely understood. At a deeper level, there are still basic conceptual issues that remain unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettHacker_137-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-BennettHacker-137"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> Many scientists have found it difficult to reconcile the fact that information is distributed across multiple brain areas with the apparent unity of consciousness: this is one aspect of the so-called <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup> There are also some scientists who have expressed grave reservations about the idea that the brain forms representations of the outside world at all: influential members of this group include psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Gibson" title="James J. Gibson">J. J. Gibson</a> and roboticist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a>, who both argued in favor of "intelligence without representation".<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_aspects">Medical aspects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Medical aspects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The medical approach to consciousness is practically oriented. It derives from a need to treat people whose brain function has been impaired as a result of disease, brain damage, toxins, or drugs. In medicine, conceptual distinctions are considered useful to the degree that they can help to guide treatments. Whereas the philosophical approach to consciousness focuses on its fundamental nature and its contents, the medical approach focuses on the <i>amount</i> of consciousness a person has: in medicine, consciousness is assessed as a "level" ranging from coma and brain death at the low end, to full alertness and purposeful responsiveness at the high end.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Blumenfeld-144"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Consciousness is of concern to patients and physicians, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologists</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesiologists</a>. Patients may suffer from disorders of consciousness, or may need to be anesthetized for a surgical procedure. Physicians may perform consciousness-related interventions such as instructing the patient to sleep, administering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_anesthesia" title="General anesthesia" class="mw-redirect">general anesthesia</a>, or inducing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_coma" title="Induced coma">medical coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Blumenfeld-144"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethicists</a> may be concerned with the ethical implications of consciousness in medical cases of patients such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Ann Quinlan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup> while neuroscientists may study patients with impaired consciousness in hopes of gaining information about how the brain works.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Assessment">Assessment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Assessment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In medicine, consciousness is examined using a set of procedures known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">neuropsychological assessment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giacino_81-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Giacino-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> There are two commonly used methods for assessing the level of consciousness of a patient: a simple procedure that requires minimal training, and a more complex procedure that requires substantial expertise. The simple procedure begins by asking whether the patient is able to move and react to physical stimuli. If so, the next question is whether the patient can respond in a meaningful way to questions and commands. If so, the patient is asked for name, current location, and current day and time. A patient who can answer all of these questions is said to be "alert and oriented times four" (sometimes denoted "A&amp;Ox4" on a medical chart), and is usually considered fully conscious.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The more complex procedure is known as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">neurological examination</a>, and is usually carried out by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologist</a> in a hospital setting. A formal neurological examination runs through a precisely delineated series of tests, beginning with tests for basic sensorimotor reflexes, and culminating with tests for sophisticated use of language. The outcome may be summarized using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a>, which yields a number in the range 3—15, with a score of 3 indicating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain death</a> (the lowest defined level of consciousness), and 15 indicating full consciousness. The Glasgow Coma Scale has three subscales, measuring the <i>best motor response</i> (ranging from "no motor response" to "obeys commands"), the <i>best eye response</i> (ranging from "no eye opening" to "eyes opening spontaneously") and the <i>best verbal response</i> (ranging from "no verbal response" to "fully oriented"). There is also a simpler <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatric_Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale">pediatric</a> version of the scale, for children too young to be able to use language.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-2" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-Blumenfeld-144"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 2013, an experimental procedure was developed to measure degrees of consciousness, the procedure involving stimulating the brain with a magnetic pulse, measuring resulting waves of electrical activity, and developing a consciousness score based on the complexity of the brain activity.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCnews20130814_148-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-NBCnews20130814-148"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disorders_of_consciousness">Disorders of consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Disorders of consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Medical conditions that inhibit consciousness are considered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders_of_consciousness" title="Disorders of consciousness">disorders of consciousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chronic_149-0" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-chronic-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> This category generally includes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_conscious_state" title="Minimally conscious state">minimally conscious state</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state" title="Persistent vegetative state">persistent vegetative state</a>, but sometimes also includes the less severe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome" title="Locked-in syndrome">locked-in syndrome</a> and more severe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">chronic coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chronic_149-1" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-chronic-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a> of these disorders is an active area of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_research" title="Biomedical research" class="mw-redirect">biomedical research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-151"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-152"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup> Finally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain death</a> results in an irreversible disruption of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-chronic_149-2" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-chronic-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> While other conditions may cause a moderate deterioration (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>) or transient interruption (e.g., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Tonic–clonic seizure">grand mal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">petit mal seizures</a>) of consciousness, they are not included in this category.</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Disorder</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Locked-in syndrome</td>
<td>The patient has awareness, sleep-wake cycles, and meaningful behavior (viz., eye-movement), but is isolated due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriplegia" title="Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect">quadriplegia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">pseudobulbar palsy</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minimally conscious state</td>
<td>The patient has intermittent periods of awareness and wakefulness and displays some meaningful behavior.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Persistent vegetative state</td>
<td>The patient has sleep-wake cycles, but lacks awareness and only displays reflexive and non-purposeful behavior.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chronic coma</td>
<td>The patient lacks awareness and sleep-wake cycles and only displays reflexive behavior.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brain death</td>
<td>The patient lacks awareness, sleep-wake cycles, and brain-mediated reflexive behavior.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anosognosia">Anosognosia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Anosognosia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">Anosognosia</a></div>
<p>One of the most striking disorders of consciousness goes by the name <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">anosognosia</a>, a Greek-derived term meaning <i>unawareness of disease</i>. This is a condition in which patients are disabled in some way, most commonly as a result of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, but either misunderstand the nature of the problem or deny that there is anything wrong with them.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> The most frequently occurring form is seen in people who have experienced a stroke damaging the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> in the right hemisphere of the brain, giving rise to a syndrome known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemispatial_neglect" title="Hemispatial neglect">hemispatial neglect</a>, characterized by an inability to direct action or attention toward objects located to the right with respect to their bodies. Patients with hemispatial neglect are often paralyzed on the right side of the body, but sometimes deny being unable to move. When questioned about the obvious problem, the patient may avoid giving a direct answer, or may give an explanation that doesn't make sense. Patients with hemispatial neglect may also fail to recognize paralyzed parts of their bodies: one frequently mentioned case is of a man who repeatedly tried to throw his own paralyzed right leg out of the bed he was lying in, and when asked what he was doing, complained that somebody had put a dead leg into the bed with him. An even more striking type of anosognosia is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%E2%80%93Babinski_syndrome" title="Anton–Babinski syndrome">Anton–Babinski syndrome</a>, a rarely occurring condition in which patients become blind but claim to be able to see normally, and persist in this claim in spite of all evidence to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Stream_of_consciousness">Stream of consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Stream of consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness (psychology)</a></div>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> is usually credited with popularizing the idea that human consciousness flows like a stream, in his <i>Principles of Psychology</i> of 1890. According to James, the "stream of thought" is governed by five characteristics: "(1) Every thought tends to be part of a personal consciousness. (2) Within each personal consciousness thought is always changing. (3) Within each personal consciousness thought is sensibly continuous. (4) It always appears to deal with objects independent of itself. (5) It is interested in some parts of these objects to the exclusion of others".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-156"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> A similar concept appears in Buddhist philosophy, expressed by the Sanskrit term <i>Citta-saṃtāna</i>, which is usually translated as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">mindstream</a> or "mental continuum". In the Buddhist view, though, the "mindstream" is viewed primarily as a source of noise that distracts attention from a changeless underlying reality.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-157"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Narrative_form">Narrative form</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Narrative form">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the west, the primary impact of the idea has been on literature rather than science: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness as a narrative mode</a> means writing in a way that attempts to portray the moment-to-moment thoughts and experiences of a character. This technique perhaps had its beginnings in the monologues of Shakespeare's plays, and reached its fullest development in the novels of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, although it has also been used by many other noted writers.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Here for example is a passage from Joyce's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> about the thoughts of Molly Bloom:</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<p>Yes because he never did a thing like that before as ask to get his breakfast in bed with a couple of eggs since the City Arms hotel when he used to be pretending to be laid up with a sick voice doing his highness to make himself interesting for that old faggot Mrs Riordan that he thought he had a great leg of and she never left us a farthing all for masses for herself and her soul greatest miser ever was actually afraid to lay out 4d for her methylated spirit telling me all her ailments she had too much old chat in her about politics and earthquakes and the end of the world let us have a bit of fun first God help the world if all the women were her sort down on bathingsuits and lownecks of course nobody wanted her to wear them I suppose she was pious because no man would look at her twice I hope Ill never be like her a wonder she didnt want us to cover our faces but she was a welleducated woman certainly and her gabby talk about Mr Riordan here and Mr Riordan there I suppose he was glad to get shut of her.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritual_approaches">Spiritual approaches</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Spiritual approaches">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_consciousness_(esotericism)" title="Level of consciousness (esotericism)" class="mw-redirect">Level of consciousness (esotericism)</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></div>
<p>To most philosophers, the word "consciousness" connotes the relationship between the mind and the world. To writers on spiritual or religious topics, it frequently connotes the relationship between the mind and God, or the relationship between the mind and deeper truths that are thought to be more fundamental than the physical world. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Krishna consciousness</a>, for example, is a term used to mean an intimate linkage between the mind of a worshipper and the god Krishna.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-160"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup> The mystical psychiatrist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maurice_Bucke" title="Richard Maurice Bucke">Richard Maurice Bucke</a> distinguished between three types of consciousness: <i>Simple Consciousness</i>, awareness of the body, possessed by many animals; <i>Self Consciousness</i>, awareness of being aware, possessed only by humans; and <i>Cosmic Consciousness</i>, awareness of the life and order of the universe, possessed only by humans who are enlightened.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup> Many more examples could be given. The most thorough account of the spiritual approach may be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>'s book <i>The Spectrum of Consciousness</i>, a comparison of western and eastern ways of thinking about the mind. Wilber described consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary awareness at one end, and more profound types of awareness at higher levels.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="Consciousness#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antahkarana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being" title="Being">Being</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">Blindsight</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centipede%27s_dilemma" title="Centipede's dilemma" class="mw-redirect">Centipede's dilemma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya (consciousness)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Ego" title="Id, ego and super-ego">Ego</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_gap" title="Explanatory gap">Explanatory gap</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideasthesia" title="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkwelt" title="Merkwelt">Merkwelt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">Modularity of mind</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">Neuropsychological assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orch-OR" title="Orch-OR" class="mw-redirect">Orch-OR</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry_(neural_circuitry)" title="Reentry (neural circuitry)">Reentry (neural circuitry)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">Sentience</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(psychology)" title="Stream of consciousness (psychology)">Stream of consciousness (psychology)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">Unconsciousness</a></li>
</ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness">"consciousness"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=consciousness&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconsciousness&amp;rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-van_Gulick2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-van_Gulick2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Robert van Gulick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/">"Consciousness"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Robert+van+Gulick&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconsciousness%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Farthing1992Psychology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Farthing1992Psychology_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Farthing G (1992). <i>The Psychology of Consciousness</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-728668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-728668-3">978-0-13-728668-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Farthing+G&amp;rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-728668-3&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> (2005). "Consciousness". In Honderich T. <i>The Oxford companion to philosophy</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926479-7">978-0-19-926479-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Consciousness&amp;rft.au=John+Searle&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+philosophy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-926479-7&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susan Schneider and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a> (2008). "Introduction". In Max Velmans, Susan Schneider. <i>The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-75145-9">978-0-470-75145-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-470-75145-9&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Güven Güzeldere (1997). Ned Block, Owen Flanagan, Güven Güzeldere, eds. <i>The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical debates</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp.&#160;1–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Consciousness%3A+Philosophical+debates&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=1-67&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. J. Fins, N. D. Schiff, and K. M. Foley (2007). "Late recovery from the minimally conscious state: ethical and policy implications". <i>Neurology</i> <b>68</b> (4): 304–307. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000252376.43779.96">10.1212/01.wnl.0000252376.43779.96</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17242341">17242341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Late+recovery+from+the+minimally+conscious+state%3A+ethical+and+policy+implications&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2F01.wnl.0000252376.43779.96&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17242341&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurology&amp;rft.pages=304-307&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=68" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Locke, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/locke/john/l81u/B2.27.html">"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Chapter XXVII)"</a>. Australia: University of Adelaide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Locke&amp;rft.btitle=An+Essay+Concerning+Human+Understanding+%28Chapter+XXVII%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fl%2Flocke%2Fjohn%2Fl81u%2FB2.27.html&amp;rft.place=Australia&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133274/consciousness">"Science &amp; Technology: consciousness"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Science+%26+Technology%3A+consciousness&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F133274%2Fconsciousness&amp;rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> (1756). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcVEAAAAcAAJ"><i>A Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. Knapton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&amp;rft.date=1756&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcVEAAAAcAAJ&amp;rft.pub=Knapton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de. "Consciousness." The Encyclopedia of Diderot &amp; d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Scott St. Louis. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0002.986">http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0002.986</a>. Originally published as "Conscience," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, 3:902 (Paris, 1753).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> (1990). "Ch. 8: Conscience and conscious". <i>Studies in words</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39831-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39831-2">978-0-521-39831-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+8%3A+Conscience+and+conscious&amp;rft.au=C.+S.+Lewis&amp;rft.btitle=Studies+in+words&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-39831-2&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oc6AAAAMAAJ"><i>Leviathan: or, The Matter, Forme &amp; Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civill</i></a>. University Press. p.&#160;39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Hobbes&amp;rft.btitle=Leviathan%3A+or%2C+The+Matter%2C+Forme+%26+Power+of+a+Commonwealth%2C+Ecclesiasticall+and+Civill&amp;rft.date=1904&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oc6AAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.pages=39&amp;rft.pub=University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richard_Elrington" title="Charles Richard Elrington">Charles Richard Elrington</a> (1613). <i>The whole works, Volume 2</i>. Hodges and Smith. p.&#160;417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=James+Ussher%2C+Charles+Richard+Elrington&amp;rft.btitle=The+whole+works%2C+Volume+2&amp;rft.date=1613&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=417&amp;rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Barbara Cassin (2014). <i>Dictionary of Untranslatables. A Philosophical Lexicon</i>. Princeton University Press. p.&#160;176. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13870-1">978-0-691-13870-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Untranslatables.+A+Philosophical+Lexicon&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-13870-1&amp;rft.pages=176&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">G. Molenaar (1969). "Seneca's Use of the Term Conscientia". <i>Mnemosyne</i> <b>22</b>: 170–180. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F156852569x00670">10.1163/156852569x00670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Seneca%27s+Use+of+the+Term+Conscientia&amp;rft.au=G.+Molenaar&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852569x00670&amp;rft.jtitle=Mnemosyne&amp;rft.pages=170-180&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=22" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Boris Hennig (2007). "Cartesian Conscientia". <i>British Journal for the History of Philosophy</i> <b>15</b>: 455–484. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09608780701444915">10.1080/09608780701444915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Cartesian+Conscientia&amp;rft.au=Boris+Hennig&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09608780701444915&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=455-484&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=15" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Adam, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tannery" title="Paul Tannery">Paul Tannery</a> (eds.), <i>Oeuvres de Descartes</i> X, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdedescar10desc#page/524/mode/2up">524</a> (1908).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sara Heinämaa, Vili Lähteenmäki, Pauliina Remes (eds.) (2007). <i>Consciousness: from perception to reflection in the history of philosophy</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;205–206. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6081-6">978-1-4020-6081-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Sara+Hein%C3%A4maa%2C+Vili+L%C3%A4hteenm%C3%A4ki%2C+Pauliina+Remes+%28eds.%29&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness%3A+from+perception+to+reflection+in+the+history+of+philosophy&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6081-6&amp;rft.pages=205-206&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Craig-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Craig_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" title="Edward Craig (philosopher)">Edward Craig</a> (1998). "Consciousness". <i>Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415-18707-9" title="Special:BookSources/0415-18707-9">0415-18707-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Consciousness&amp;rft.au=Edward+Craig&amp;rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0415-18707-9&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Sutherland-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Sutherland_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Sutherland_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Sutherland" title="Stuart Sutherland">Stuart Sutherland</a> (1989). "Consciousness". <i>Macmillan Dictionary of Psychology</i>. Macmillan. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-38829-7">978-0-333-38829-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Consciousness&amp;rft.au=Stuart+Sutherland&amp;rft.btitle=Macmillan+Dictionary+of+Psychology&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-38829-7&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Justin Sytsma and Edouard Machery (2010). "Two conceptions of subjective experience". <i>Philosophical Studies</i> <b>151</b>: 299–327. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-009-9439-x">10.1007/s11098-009-9439-x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Two+conceptions+of+subjective+experience&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11098-009-9439-x&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&amp;rft.pages=299-327&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=151" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Antony2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Antony2001_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Antony2001_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michael V. Antony (2001). "Is <i>consciousness</i> ambiguous?". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>8</b>: 19–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Is+consciousness+ambiguous%3F&amp;rft.au=Michael+V.+Antony&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=19-44&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RyleConsciousness-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-RyleConsciousness_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a> (1949). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Mind" title="The Concept of Mind">The Concept of Mind</a></i>. University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;156–163. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73296-1">978-0-226-73296-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Gilbert+Ryle&amp;rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Mind&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-73296-1&amp;rft.pages=156-163&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Velmans2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Velmans2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Velmans" title="Max Velmans">Max Velmans</a> (2009). "How to define consciousness—and how not to define consciousness". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>16</b>: 139–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+define+consciousness%94and+how+not+to+define+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Max+Velmans&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=139-156&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Ned Block</a> (1998). "On a confusion about a function of consciousness". In N. Block, O. Flanagan, G. Guzeldere. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/231/1/199712004.html"><i>The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates</i></a>. MIT Press. pp.&#160;375–415. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52210-6">978-0-262-52210-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=On+a+confusion+about+a+function+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Ned+Block&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Consciousness%3A+Philosophical+Debates&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F231%2F1%2F199712004.html&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-52210-6&amp;rft.pages=375-415&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-D375-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-D375_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> (2004). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained" title="Consciousness Explained">Consciousness Explained</a></i>. Penguin. p.&#160;375. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9037-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9037-6">0-7139-9037-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Dennett&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness+Explained&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-7139-9037-6&amp;rft.pages=375&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ChalmersHardProblem-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-ChalmersHardProblem_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-ChalmersHardProblem_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprint.co.uk/chalmers.html">"Facing up to the problem of consciousness"</a>. <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>2</b>: 200–219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Facing+up+to+the+problem+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=David+Chalmers&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imprint.co.uk%2Fchalmers.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=200-219&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lycan" title="William Lycan">William Lycan</a> (1996). <i>Consciousness and Experience</i>. MIT Press. pp.&#160;1–4. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12197-2">978-0-262-12197-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=William+Lycan&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness+and+Experience&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-12197-2&amp;rft.pages=1-4&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Block N (1995). "How many concepts of consciousness?". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i> <b>18</b>: 272–84. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x00038486">10.1017/s0140525x00038486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=How+many+concepts+of+consciousness%3F&amp;rft.au=Block+N&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0140525x00038486&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=272-84&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dy, Jr., Manuel B. (2001). <i>Philosophy of Man: selected readings</i>. Goodwill Trading Co. p.&#160;97. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-12-0245-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-12-0245-X">971-12-0245-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.aufirst=Manuel+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Dy%2C+Jr.&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Man%3A+selected+readings&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=971-12-0245-X&amp;rft.pages=97&amp;rft.pub=Goodwill+Trading+Co.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stanford_pineal-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Stanford_pineal_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/">"Descartes and the Pineal Gland"</a>. Stanford University. November 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Descartes+and+the+Pineal+Gland&amp;rft.date=2008-11-05&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpineal-gland%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gert-Jan Lokhorst. Edward N. Zalta, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/pineal-gland/">"Descartes and the pineal gland"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Gert-Jan+Lokhorst&amp;rft.btitle=Descartes+and+the+pineal+gland&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2011%2Fentries%2Fpineal-gland%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Summer+2011+Edition%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">William Jaworski (2011). <i>Philosophy of Mind: A Comprehensive Introduction</i>. John Wiley and Sons. pp.&#160;5–11. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3367-1">978-1-4443-3367-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=William+Jaworski&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Mind%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3367-1&amp;rft.pages=5-11&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LaMettrie-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-LaMettrie_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">Julien Offray de La Mettrie</a> (1996). Ann Thomson, ed. <i>Machine man and other writings</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47849-6">978-0-521-47849-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Julien+Offray+de+La+Mettrie&amp;rft.btitle=Machine+man+and+other+writings&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-47849-6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> (1993). <i>Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind</i>. Basic Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00764-6">978-0-465-00764-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Gerald+Edelman&amp;rft.btitle=Bright+Air%2C+Brilliant+Fire%3A+On+the+Matter+of+the+Mind&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-00764-6&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DamasioFeeling-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-DamasioFeeling_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a> (1999). <i>The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness</i>. New York: Harcourt Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-601075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-601075-7">978-0-15-601075-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Antonio+Damasio&amp;rft.btitle=The+Feeling+of+What+Happens%3A+Body+and+Emotion+in+the+Making+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-15-601075-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harcourt+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> (1991). <i>Consciousness Explained</i>. Boston: Little &amp; Company. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-18066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-18066-5">978-0-316-18066-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Dennett&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness+Explained&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-316-18066-5&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Little+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-KochQuest-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-KochQuest_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-KochQuest_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> (2004). <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>. Englewood CO: Roberts &amp; Company. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9747077-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9747077-0-9">978-0-9747077-0-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Christof+Koch&amp;rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9747077-0-9&amp;rft.place=Englewood+CO&amp;rft.pub=Roberts+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stuart J. Russell, Peter Norvig (2010). "Ch. 26: Philosophical foundations". <i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4">978-0-13-604259-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+26%3A+Philosophical+foundations&amp;rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-604259-4&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stanford_qm_cos-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Stanford_qm_cos_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/">"Quantum Approaches to Consciousness"</a>. Stanford University. December 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Quantum+Approaches+to+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2011-12-25&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fqt-consciousness%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cai2010-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Cai2010_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cai, J.; Popescu, S.; Briegel, H. "Persistent dynamic entanglement from classical motion: How bio-molecular machines can generate non-trivial quantum states". <i>Physical Review E</i> <b>82</b>: 021921. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevE.82.021921">10.1103/PhysRevE.82.021921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Persistent+dynamic+entanglement+from+classical+motion%3A+How+bio-molecular+machines+can+generate+non-trivial+quantum+states&amp;rft.au=Briegel%2C+H.&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Cai&amp;rft.au=Popescu%2C+S.&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevE.82.021921&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&amp;rft.pages=021921&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=82" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> (1997). <i>The Mystery of Consciousness</i>. The New York Review of Books. pp.&#160;53–88. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940322-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940322-06-6">978-0-940322-06-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-940322-06-6&amp;rft.pages=53-88&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gennaro-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Gennaro_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion see <cite class="citation book">Rocco J. Gennaro (2011). "§4.4 The hard problem of consciousness". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XgKMgzwk4C&amp;pg=PA75&amp;lpg=PA75"><i>The Consciousness Paradox: Consciousness, Concepts, and Higher-Order Thoughts</i></a>. MIT Press. p.&#160;75. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-01660-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-01660-5">0-262-01660-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=+%A74.4+The+hard+problem+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Rocco+J.+Gennaro&amp;rft.btitle=The+Consciousness+Paradox%3A+Consciousness%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Higher-Order+Thoughts&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-XgKMgzwk4C%26pg%3DPA75%26lpg%3DPA75&amp;rft.isbn=0-262-01660-5&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Knobe J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-a-robot-an-insect-or">"Can a Robot, an Insect or God Be Aware?"</a>. <i>Scientific American: Mind</i> <b>19</b>: 68–71. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamericanmind1208-68">10.1038/scientificamericanmind1208-68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Can+a+Robot%2C+an+Insect+or+God+Be+Aware%3F&amp;rft.au=Knobe+J&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dcan-a-robot-an-insect-or&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamericanmind1208-68&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American%3A+Mind&amp;rft.pages=68-71&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=19" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alec Hyslop (1995). <i>Other Minds</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;5–14. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3245-9">978-0-7923-3245-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Other+Minds&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-3245-9&amp;rft.pages=5-14&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Robert Kirk. Edward N. Zalta, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/zombies">"Zombies"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Robert+Kirk&amp;rft.btitle=Zombies&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2009%2Fentries%2Fzombies&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Summer+2009+Edition%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Ridley_Scott_pp._133-144_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Culture and Philosophy of Ridley Scott</i>, Greg Littmann, pp. 133-144, Lexington Books (2013).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Machine_Morals_2010-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Machine_Morals_2010_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Machine_Morals_2010_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moral Machines</i>, Wendell Wallach and Colin Allen, 288 pages, Oxford University Press, USA (June 3, 2010), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199737975" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0199737975</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HyslopAnalogy-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-HyslopAnalogy_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-HyslopAnalogy_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alec Hyslop (1995). "The analogical inference to other minds". <i>Other Minds</i>. Springer. pp.&#160;41–70. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3245-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3245-9">978-0-7923-3245-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+analogical+inference+to+other+minds&amp;rft.btitle=Other+Minds&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7923-3245-9&amp;rft.pages=41-70&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> (1995). "The unimagined preposterousness of zombies". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>2</b>: 322–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+unimagined+preposterousness+of+zombies&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=322-325&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Stevan Harnad</a> (1995). "Why and how we are not zombies". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>1</b>: 164–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Why+and+how+we+are+not+zombies&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=164-167&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Allen-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Allen_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Allen_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Colin Allen. Edward N. Zalta, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/consciousness-animal/">"Animal consciousness"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Colin+Allen&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+consciousness&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2011%2Fentries%2Fconsciousness-animal%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Summer+2011+Edition%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a> (1999). "Sympathy and subjectivity". <i>Australasian Journal of Philosophy</i> <b>77</b>: 465–482. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00048409912349231">10.1080/00048409912349231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Sympathy+and+subjectivity&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048409912349231&amp;rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=465-482&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=77" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NagelBat-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-NagelBat_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> (1991). "Ch. 12 What is it like to be a bat?". <i>Mortal Questions</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40676-5">978-0-521-40676-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+12+What+is+it+like+to+be+a+bat%3F&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Nagel&amp;rft.btitle=Mortal+Questions&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-40676-5&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> (1981). "Reflections on <i>What Is It Like to Be a Bat?</i>". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mind%27s_I" title="The Mind's I">The Mind's I</a></i>. Basic Books. pp.&#160;403–414. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7108-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7108-0352-8">978-0-7108-0352-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Reflections+on+What+Is+It+Like+to+Be+a+Bat%3F&amp;rft.au=Douglas+Hofstadter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mind%27s+I&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7108-0352-8&amp;rft.pages=403-414&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Griffin2001-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Griffin2001_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Griffin2001_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Griffin" title="Donald Griffin">Donald Griffin</a> (2001). <i>Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30865-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30865-4">978-0-226-30865-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Donald+Griffin&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+Minds%3A+Beyond+Cognition+to+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-30865-4&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSbom5MsfNM">Philip Low, in the presentation of the Declaration on the consciousness Cambridge, July 7, 2012</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcmconference.org/img/CambridgeDeclarationOnConsciousness.pdf">Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moshe Idel (1990). <i>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0160-6">978-0-7914-0160-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Golem%3A+Jewish+Magical+and+Mystical+Traditions+on+the+Artificial+Anthropoid&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0160-6&amp;rft.pub=SUNY+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Note: In many stories the Golem was mindless, but some gave it emotions or thoughts.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/sketch.html">"Sketch of The Analytical Engine, Note G"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Ada+Lovelace&amp;rft.btitle=Sketch+of+The+Analytical+Engine%2C+Note+G&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fbabbage%2Fsketch.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tu-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-tu_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stuart Shieber (2004). <i>The Turing Test&#160;: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence</i>. MIT Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69293-9">978-0-262-69293-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Turing+Test+%3A+Verbal+Behavior+as+the+Hallmark+of+Intelligence&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-69293-9&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MindsI-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-MindsI_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> (1985). <i>The Mind's I</i>. Basic Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-34584-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-34584-1">978-0-553-34584-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mind%27s+I&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-553-34584-1&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chalmers-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Chalmers_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (1997). <i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9">978-0-19-511789-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind%3A+In+Search+of+a+Fundamental+Theory&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-511789-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Searle1990-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Searle1990_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Searle" title="John R. Searle" class="mw-redirect">John R. Searle</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/spr06/cos116/Is_The_Brains_Mind_A_Computer_Program.pdf">"Is the brain's mind a computer program"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific American</i>. 262.1: 26–31. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0190-26">10.1038/scientificamerican0190-26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Is+the+brain%27s+mind+a+computer+program&amp;rft.au=John+R.+Searle&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Fspr06%2Fcos116%2FIs_The_Brains_Mind_A_Computer_Program.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0190-26&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.pages=26-31&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=262.1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SearleSEP-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-SearleSEP_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room">"The Chinese Room Argument"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Room+Argument&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fchinese-room&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Searle1980-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Searle1980_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>; et al. (1980). "Minds, brains, and programs". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i> <b>3</b>: 417–457. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X00005756">10.1017/S0140525X00005756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Minds%2C+brains%2C+and+programs&amp;rft.au=John+Searle&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X00005756&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=417-457&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=3" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Graham Oppy and David Dowe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/turing-test">"The Turing test"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Graham+Oppy+and+David+Dowe&amp;rft.btitle=The+Turing+test&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2011%2Fentries%2Fturing-test&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Spring+2011+Edition%29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Margaret Wilson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophy.wisc.edu/shapiro/PHIL951/951articles/wilson.htm">"Six views of embodied cognition"</a>. <i>Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review</i> <b>9</b>: 625–636. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2FBF03196322">10.3758/BF03196322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Six+views+of+embodied+cognition&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilosophy.wisc.edu%2Fshapiro%2FPHIL951%2F951articles%2Fwilson.htm&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2FBF03196322&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychonomic+Bulletin+%26+Review&amp;rft.pages=625-636&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Horst Hendriks-Jansen (1996). <i>Catching ourselves in the act: situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p.&#160;114. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08246-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08246-2">0-262-08246-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Catching+ourselves+in+the+act%3A+situated+activity%2C+interactive+emergence%2C+evolution%2C+and+human+thought&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-262-08246-2&amp;rft.pages=114&amp;rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandler, G. Consciousness: Respectable, useful, and probably necessary. In R.Solso (Ed.)Information processing and cognition: NJ: LEA.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandler, G. Consciousness recovered: Psychological functions and origins of thought. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 2002</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a>, Alfred Kaszniak, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (1999). "Preface". <i>Toward a Science of Consciousness III: The Third Tucson Discussions and Debates</i>. MIT Press. pp.&#160;xix–xx. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-58181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-58181-3">978-0-262-58181-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Preface&amp;rft.btitle=Toward+a+Science+of+Consciousness+III%3A+The+Third+Tucson+Discussions+and+Debates&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-58181-3&amp;rft.pages=xix-xx&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a> (1993). <i>A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;15–18. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42743-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42743-2">978-0-521-42743-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=A+Cognitive+Theory+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-42743-2&amp;rft.pages=15-18&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Paul Rooks and Jane Wilson (2000). <i>Perception: Theory, Development, and Organization</i>. Psychology Press. pp.&#160;25–26. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19094-7">978-0-415-19094-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Perception%3A+Theory%2C+Development%2C+and+Organization&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-19094-7&amp;rft.pages=25-26&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Schmidt-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Schmidt_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Schmidt_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomas Schmidt and Dirk Vorberg (2006). "Criteria for unconscious cognition: Three types of dissociation". <i>Perception and Psychophysics</i> <b>68</b> (3): 489–504. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2Fbf03193692">10.3758/bf03193692</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16900839">16900839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Criteria+for+unconscious+cognition%3A+Three+types+of+dissociation&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3758%2Fbf03193692&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16900839&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Perception+and+Psychophysics&amp;rft.pages=489-504&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=68" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Destrebecqz-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Destrebecqz_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Destrebecqz_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arnaud Destrebecqz and Philippe Peigneux (2006). "Methods for studying unconscious learning". In Steven Laureys. <i>The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology</i>. Elsevier. pp.&#160;69–80. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52876-6">978-0-444-52876-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Methods+for+studying+unconscious+learning&amp;rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Consciousness%3A+Neurobiology+and+Neuropathology&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-52876-6&amp;rft.pages=69-80&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> (1992). "Quining qualia". In A. Marcel and E. Bisiach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/254/"><i>Consciousness in Modern Science</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852237-9">978-0-19-852237-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Quining+qualia&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness+in+Modern+Science&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F254%2F&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-852237-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> (2003). "Who's on first? Heterophenomenology explained". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>10</b>: 19–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Who%27s+on+first%3F+Heterophenomenology+explained&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Dennett&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=19-30&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=10" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (1996). "Ch. 3: Can consciousness be reductively explained?". <i>The Conscious Mind</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9">978-0-19-511789-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+3%3A+Can+consciousness+be+reductively+explained%3F&amp;rft.btitle=The+Conscious+Mind&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-511789-9&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Giacino-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Giacino_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Giacino_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. T. Giacino, C. M. Smart (2007). "Recent advances in behavioral assessment of individuals with disorders of consciousness". <i>Current Opinion in Neurology</i> <b>20</b> (6): 614–619. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FWCO.0b013e3282f189ef">10.1097/WCO.0b013e3282f189ef</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17992078">17992078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+behavioral+assessment+of+individuals+with+disorders+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=J.+T.+Giacino%2C+C.+M.+Smart&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FWCO.0b013e3282f189ef&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17992078&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurology&amp;rft.pages=614-619&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Patrick Haggard (2008). "Human volition: towards a neuroscience of will". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i> <b>9</b> (12): 934–946. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn2497">10.1038/nrn2497</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020512">19020512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Human+volition%3A+towards+a+neuroscience+of+will&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn2497&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19020512&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=934-946&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=9" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon Gallup</a> (1970). "Chimpanzees: Self recognition". <i>Science</i> <b>167</b> (3914): 86–87. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86">10.1126/science.167.3914.86</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4982211">4982211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Chimpanzees%3A+Self+recognition&amp;rft.au=Gordon+Gallup&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.167.3914.86&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4982211&amp;rft.issue=3914&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=86-87&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=167" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">David Edelman and Anil Seth (2009). "Animal consciousness: a synthetic approach". <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i> <b>32</b> (9): 476–484. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2009.05.008">10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.008</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716185">19716185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+consciousness%3A+a+synthetic+approach&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2009.05.008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19716185&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.pages=476-484&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=32" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> (2004). <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>. Englewood CO: Roberts &amp; Company. pp.&#160;16–19. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9747077-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9747077-0-9">978-0-9747077-0-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9747077-0-9&amp;rft.pages=16-19&amp;rft.place=Englewood+CO&amp;rft.pub=Roberts+%26+Company&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wolf Singer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Binding_by_synchrony">"Binding by synchrony"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Wolf+Singer&amp;rft.btitle=Binding+by+synchrony&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholarpedia.org%2Farticle%2FBinding_by_synchrony&amp;rft.pub=Scholarpedia&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a> (2002). <i>I of the Vortex. From Neurons to Self</i>. MIT Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-62163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-62163-2">978-0-262-62163-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Rodolfo+Llin%C3%A1s&amp;rft.btitle=I+of+the+Vortex.+From+Neurons+to+Self&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-62163-2&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>, pp. 105–116</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.klab.caltech.edu/29/1/438.pdf">"A framework for consciousness"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i> <b>6</b> (2): 119–126. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn0203-119">10.1038/nn0203-119</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12555104">12555104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=A+framework+for+consciousness&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.klab.caltech.edu%2F29%2F1%2F438.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn0203-119&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12555104&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=119-126&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>, pp. 269–286</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Biederlack J., Castelo-Branco M., Neuenschwander S., Wheeler D.W., Singer W., Nikolić D. (2006). "Brightness induction: Rate enhancement and neuronal synchronization as complementary codes". <i>Neuron</i> <b>52</b>: 1073–1083. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.11.012">10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Brightness+induction%3A+Rate+enhancement+and+neuronal+synchronization+as+complementary+codes&amp;rft.au=Biederlack+J.%2C+Castelo-Branco+M.%2C+Neuenschwander+S.%2C+Wheeler+D.W.%2C+Singer+W.%2C+Nikoli%C4%87+D.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2006.11.012&amp;rft.jtitle=Neuron&amp;rft.pages=1073-1083&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=52" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Williams Adrian L., Singh Krishna D., Smith Andrew T. (2003). "Surround modulation measured with functional MRI in the human visual cortex". <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i> <b>89</b> (1): 525–533. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00048.2002">10.1152/jn.00048.2002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Surround+modulation+measured+with+functional+MRI+in+the+human+visual+cortex&amp;rft.au=Williams+Adrian+L.%2C+Singh+Krishna+D.%2C+Smith+Andrew+T.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.00048.2002&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&amp;rft.pages=525-533&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=89" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Graziano.26Kastner2011-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Graziano.26Kastner2011_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Graziano, M.S.A. and Kastner, S (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223025">"Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis"</a>. <i>Cog. Neurosci</i> <b>2</b>: 98–113. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F17588928.2011.565121">10.1080/17588928.2011.565121</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223025">3223025</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22121395">22121395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Human+consciousness+and+its+relationship+to+social+neuroscience%3A+A+novel+hypothesis&amp;rft.au=Graziano%2C+M.S.A.+and+Kastner%2C+S&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223025&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223025&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17588928.2011.565121&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22121395&amp;rft.jtitle=Cog.+Neurosci&amp;rft.pages=98-113&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adenauer G. Casali; Olivia Gosseries; Mario Rosanova; Mélanie Boly; Simone Sarasso; Karina R. Casali; Silvia Casarotto; Marie-Aurélie Bruno; Steven Laureys; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a>; Marcello Massimini (14 August 2013). "A Ttheoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior". <i>Science Translational Medicine</i> <b>5</b> (198): 198ra105. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3006294">10.1126/scitranslmed.3006294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=A+Ttheoretically+based+index+of+consciousness+independent+of+sensory+processing+and+behavior&amp;rft.au=Adenauer+G.+Casali&amp;rft.au=Giulio+Tononi&amp;rft.au=Karina+R.+Casali&amp;rft.au=Marcello+Massimini&amp;rft.au=Marie-Aur%C3%A9lie+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Mario+Rosanova&amp;rft.au=M%C3%A9lanie+Boly&amp;rft.au=Olivia+Gosseries&amp;rft.au=Silvia+Casarotto&amp;rft.au=Simone+Sarasso&amp;rft.au=Steven+Laureys&amp;rft.date=2013-08-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3006294&amp;rft.issue=198&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Translational+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=198ra105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=5" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Butler2005-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Butler2005_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ann B. Butler, Paul R. Manger, B.I.B Lindahl, and Peter Århem (2005). "Evolution of the neural basis of consciousness: a bird-mammal comparison". <i>BioEssays</i> <b>27</b>: 923–936. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20280">10.1002/bies.20280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+neural+basis+of+consciousness%3A+a+bird-mammal+comparison&amp;rft.au=Ann+B.+Butler%2C+Paul+R.+Manger%2C+B.I.B+Lindahl%2C+and+Peter+%C3%85rhem&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20280&amp;rft.jtitle=BioEssays&amp;rft.pages=923-936&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=27" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Crick1995-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Crick1995_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Crick1995_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> (1995). "Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex?". <i>Nature</i> <b>375</b> (6527): 121–123. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F375121a0">10.1038/375121a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Are+we+aware+of+neural+activity+in+primary+visual+cortex%3F&amp;rft.au=Francis+Crick+and+Christof+Koch&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F375121a0&amp;rft.issue=6527&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=121-123&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=375" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Edelman2000-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Edelman2000_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald M. Edelman</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a> (2000). <i>A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination</i>. Basic Books. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-01376-7">0-465-01376-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Gerald+M.+Edelman+and+Giulio+Tononi&amp;rft.btitle=A+Universe+of+Consciousness%3A+How+Matter+Becomes+Imagination&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-465-01376-7&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Cotterill2001-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Cotterill2001_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Cotterill2001_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rodney M.J. Cotterill (2001). "Cooperation of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, sensory cerebrum and hippocampus: possible implications for cognition, consciousness, intelligence and creativity". <i>Progress in Neurobiology</i> <b>64</b>: 1–33. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0301-0082%2800%2900058-7">10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00058-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Cooperation+of+the+basal+ganglia%2C+cerebellum%2C+sensory+cerebrum+and+hippocampus%3A+possible+implications+for+cognition%2C+consciousness%2C+intelligence+and+creativity&amp;rft.au=Rodney+M.J.+Cotterill&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0301-0082%2800%2900058-7&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Neurobiology&amp;rft.pages=1-33&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=64" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">J.C. Eccles</a> (1982). "Animal consciousness and human self-consciousness". <i>Experientia</i> <b>38</b> (12): 1384–1391. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01955747">10.1007/bf01955747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+consciousness+and+human+self-consciousness&amp;rft.au=J.C.+Eccles&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01955747&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Experientia&amp;rft.pages=1384-1391&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=38" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> (1990). "A unitary hypothesis of mind-brain interaction in the cerebral cortex". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B</i> <b>240</b>: 433–451. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1990.0047">10.1098/rspb.1990.0047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=A+unitary+hypothesis+of+mind-brain+interaction+in+the+cerebral+cortex&amp;rft.au=John+Eccles&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1990.0047&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London%2C+B&amp;rft.pages=433-451&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=240" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joaquin Fuster, <i>The Prefrontal Cortex</i>, Second Edition.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Peter Århem, B. I. B. Lindahl, Paul R. Manger, and Ann B. Butler (2008). "On the origin of consciousness — some amniote scenarios". In Hans Liljenström, Peter Århem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQGJz1DVQNMC&amp;pg=PA77"><i>Consciousness Transitions: Phylogenetic, Ontogenetic, and Physiological Aspects</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-52977-0">978-0-444-52977-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+consciousness+%94+some+amniote+scenarios&amp;rft.btitle=Consciousness+Transitions%3A+Phylogenetic%2C+Ontogenetic%2C+and+Physiological+Aspects&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQGJz1DVQNMC%26pg%3DPA77&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-52977-0&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Feinberg, TE; Mallatt, J (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790330">"The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago."</a>. <i>Frontiers in psychology</i> <b>4</b>: 667. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00667">10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00667</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790330">3790330</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24109460">24109460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+and+genetic+origins+of+consciousness+in+the+Cambrian+Period+over+500+million+years+ago.&amp;rft.aufirst=TE&amp;rft.aulast=Feinberg&amp;rft.au=Mallatt%2C+J&amp;rft.date=2013-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3790330&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3790330&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00667&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24109460&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+psychology&amp;rft.pages=667&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._H._Huxley" title="T. H. Huxley" class="mw-redirect">T. H. Huxley</a> (1874). "On the hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history". <i>The Fortnightly Review</i> <b>16</b>: 555–580.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+hypothesis+that+animals+are+automata%2C+and+its+history&amp;rft.date=1874&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Fortnightly+Review&amp;rft.pages=555-580&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">W. James</a> (1879). "Are we automata?". <i>Mind</i> <b>4</b>: 1–22. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2Fos-4.13.1">10.1093/mind/os-4.13.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Are+we+automata%3F&amp;rft.date=1879&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2Fos-4.13.1&amp;rft.jtitle=Mind&amp;rft.pages=1-22&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">B. I. B. Lindahl (1997). "Consciousness and biological evolution". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i> <b>187</b>: 613–629. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fjtbi.1996.0394">10.1006/jtbi.1996.0394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Consciousness+and+biological+evolution&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjtbi.1996.0394&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&amp;rft.pages=613-629&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=187" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Popper1977-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Popper1977_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl R. Popper</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John C. Eccles</a> (1977). <i>The Self and Its Brain</i>. Springer International. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-08307-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-08307-3">0-387-08307-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Karl+R.+Popper%2C+John+C.+Eccles&amp;rft.btitle=The+Self+and+Its+Brain&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-387-08307-3&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Baars" title="Bernard Baars">Bernard Baars</a> (January 2002). "The conscious access hypothesis: Origins and recent evidence". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i> <b>6</b> (1): 47–52. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901819-2">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01819-2</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11849615">11849615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+conscious+access+hypothesis%3A+Origins+and+recent+evidence&amp;rft.date=2002-01&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901819-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11849615&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=47-52&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=6" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seth, Anil; Eugene Izhikevich; George Reeke; Gerald Edelman (2006). "Theories and measures of consciousness: An extended framework". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> <b>103</b> (28): 10799–10804. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0604347103">10.1073/pnas.0604347103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Theories+and+measures+of+consciousness%3A+An+extended+framework&amp;rft.au=Eugene+Izhikevich&amp;rft.aufirst=Anil&amp;rft.au=George+Reeke&amp;rft.au=Gerald+Edelman&amp;rft.aulast=Seth&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0604347103&amp;rft.issue=28&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.pages=10799-10804&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=103" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ezequiel Morsella (2005). "The function of phenomenal states: Supramodular Interaction Theory". <i>Psychological Review</i> <b>112</b> (4): 1000–1021. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.112.4.1000">10.1037/0033-295X.112.4.1000</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262477">16262477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+function+of+phenomenal+states%3A+Supramodular+Interaction+Theory&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295X.112.4.1000&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16262477&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&amp;rft.pages=1000-1021&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=112" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ingvww-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-ingvww_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">S. Budiansky (1998). <i>If a Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of Consciousness</i>. The Free Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83710-9">978-0-684-83710-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=S.+Budiansky&amp;rft.btitle=If+a+Lion+Could+Talk%3A+Animal+Intelligence+and+the+Evolution+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-684-83710-9&amp;rft.pub=The+Free+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">S. Nichols, T. Grantham (2000). "Adaptive Complexity and Phenomenal Consciousness". <i>Philosophy of Science</i> <b>67</b>: 648–670. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F392859">10.1086/392859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Adaptive+Complexity+and+Phenomenal+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F392859&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophy+of+Science&amp;rft.pages=648-670&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=67" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49701">"Evolution of consciousness"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>89</b>: 7320–7324. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.16.7320">10.1073/pnas.89.16.7320</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49701">49701</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502142">1502142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=John+Eccles&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC49701&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC49701&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.89.16.7320&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1502142&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.pages=7320-7324&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=89" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Flanagan" title="Owen Flanagan">Owen Flanagan</a> and T. W. Polger (1995). "Zombies and the function of consciousness". <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>2</b>: 313–321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Zombies+and+the+function+of+consciousness&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies&amp;rft.pages=313-321&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rosenthal, David (2008). "Consciousness and its function". <i>Neuropsychologia</i> <b>46</b>: 829–840. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropsychologia.2007.11.012">10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Consciousness+and+its+function&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Rosenthal&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropsychologia.2007.11.012&amp;rft.jtitle=Neuropsychologia&amp;rft.pages=829-840&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=46" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zack ROBINSON, Corey J. MALEY, Gualtiero PICCININI (2015). "Is Consciousness a Spandrel?.". <i>Journal of the American Philosophical Association</i> <b>1</b>: 365–383. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fapa.2014.10">10.1017/apa.2014.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Consciousness+a+Spandrel%3F.&amp;rft.au=Zack+ROBINSON%2C+Corey+J.+MALEY%2C+Gualtiero+PICCININI&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fapa.2014.10&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Philosophical+Association&amp;rft.pages=365-383&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Vaitl-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Vaitl_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Vaitl_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dieter Vaitl et al. (2005). "Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i> <b>131</b> (1): 98–127. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.131.1.98">10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.98</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15631555">15631555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Psychobiology+of+altered+states+of+consciousness&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.131.1.98&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15631555&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&amp;rft.pages=98-127&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=131" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2011). <i>Psychology 2nd Ed</i>. 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Worth Publishers. p.&#160;190. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4292-3719-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4292-3719-8">1-4292-3719-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Schacter&amp;rft.au=Wegner%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.btitle=Psychology+2nd+Ed.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1-4292-3719-8&amp;rft.pages=190&amp;rft.place=41+Madison+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10010&amp;rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Anton Coenen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalpsyche.org/archive/volume-16-no-2-2010/">"Subconscious Stimulus Recognition and Processing During Sleep"</a>. <i>Psyche</i> <b>16–2</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Subconscious+Stimulus+Recognition+and+Processing+During+Sleep&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalpsyche.org%2Farchive%2Fvolume-16-no-2-2010%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Psyche&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=16-2" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allan_Hobson" title="J. Allan Hobson" class="mw-redirect">J. Allan Hobson</a>, Edward F. Pace-Schott, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stickgold" title="Robert Stickgold">Robert Stickgold</a> (2003). "Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states". In Edward F. Pace-Schott, Mark Solms, Mark Blagrove, Stevan Harnad. <i>Sleep and Dreaming: Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00869-3">978-0-521-00869-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Dreaming+and+the+brain%3A+Toward+a+cognitive+neuroscience+of+conscious+states&amp;rft.btitle=Sleep+and+Dreaming%3A+Scientific+Advances+and+Reconsiderations&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-00869-3&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">] Johanson, M., Valli, K., Revonsuo, A., &amp; Wedlund, J., 2008. Content analysis of subjective experiences in partial epileptic seizures. <i>Epilepsy and Behavior</i>, 12, pp 170-182</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johanson M., Valli K., Revonsuo A.; et al. (2008). "Alterations in the contents of consciousness in partial epileptic seizures". <i>Epilepsy and Behavior</i> <b>13</b>: 366–371. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2008.04.014">10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.04.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Alterations+in+the+contents+of+consciousness+in+partial+epileptic+seizures&amp;rft.au=Johanson+M.%2C+Valli+K.%2C+Revonsuo+A.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2008.04.014&amp;rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+and+Behavior&amp;rft.pages=366-371&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=13" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DSMIV-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-DSMIV_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-DSMIV_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=W-BGAAAAMAAJ"><i>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV</i></a>. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 31 July 1994. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental+disorders%3A+DSM-IV&amp;rft.date=1994-07-31&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DW-BGAAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-89042-025-6&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Michael Lyvers (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epublications.bond.edu.au/hss_pubs/10">"The neurochemistry of psychedelic experiences"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. ePublications@bond.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Michael+Lyvers&amp;rft.btitle=The+neurochemistry+of+psychedelic+experiences&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepublications.bond.edu.au%2Fhss_pubs%2F10&amp;rft.pub=ePublications%40bond&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MurphyMeditation-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-MurphyMeditation_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">M. Murphy, S. Donovan, and E. Taylor (1997). <i>The Physical and Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Review of Contemporary Research With a Comprehensive Bibliography, 1931–1996</i>. Institute of Noetic Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Physical+and+Psychological+Effects+of+Meditation%3A+A+Review+of+Contemporary+Research+With+a+Comprehensive+Bibliography%2C+1931%931996&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Noetic+Sciences&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tart" title="Charles Tart">Charles Tart</a> (2001). "Ch. 2: The components of consciousness". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychedelic-library.org/soc2.htm"><i>States of Consciousness</i></a>. IUniverse.com. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-15196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-15196-7">978-0-595-15196-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+2%3A+The+components+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Charles+Tart&amp;rft.btitle=States+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychedelic-library.org%2Fsoc2.htm&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-595-15196-7&amp;rft.pub=IUniverse.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">E. Studerus, A. Gamma, and F. X. Vollenweider (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930851">"Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_ONE" title="PLoS ONE" class="mw-redirect">PLoS ONE</a></i> <b>8</b>: e12412. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012412">10.1371/journal.pone.0012412</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930851">2930851</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20824211">20824211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Psychometric+evaluation+of+the+altered+states+of+consciousness+rating+scale+%28OAV%29&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930851&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930851&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012412&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20824211&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&amp;rft.pages=e12412&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert Sokolowski (2000). <i>Introduction to Phenomenology</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;211–227. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66792-0">978-0-521-66792-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Robert+Sokolowski&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Phenomenology&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-66792-0&amp;rft.pages=211-227&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Anders_Ericsson" title="K. Anders Ericsson">K. Anders Ericsson</a> (2003). "Valid and non-reactive verbalization of thoughts during performance of tasks: towards a solution to the central problems of introspection as a source of scientific evidence". In Anthony Jack, Andreas Roepstorff. <i>Trusting the Subject?: The Use of Introspective Evidence in Cognitive Science, Volume 1</i>. Imprint Academic. pp.&#160;1–18. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-56-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-56-0">978-0-907845-56-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Valid+and+non-reactive+verbalization+of+thoughts+during+performance+of+tasks%3A+towards+a+solution+to+the+central+problems+of+introspection+as+a+source+of+scientific+evidence&amp;rft.au=K.+Anders+Ericsson&amp;rft.btitle=Trusting+the+Subject%3F%3A+The+Use+of+Introspective+Evidence+in+Cognitive+Science%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-907845-56-0&amp;rft.pages=1-18&amp;rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrew Brook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-mind/#3.2.1">"Kant's view of the mind and consciousness of self"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Brook&amp;rft.btitle=Kant%27s+view+of+the+mind+and+consciousness+of+self&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fkant-mind%2F%233.2.1&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Note: translating Kant's terminology into English is often difficult.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)" title="Joseph Levine (philosopher)">Joseph Levine</a> (1998). "On leaving out what it's like". In N. Block, O. Flanagan, G. Guzeldere. <i>The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates</i>. MIT Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52210-6">978-0-262-52210-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=On+leaving+out+what+it%27s+like&amp;rft.au=Joseph+Levine&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Consciousness%3A+Philosophical+Debates&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-52210-6&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Steven K. Shevell (2003). "Color appearance". In Steven K. Shevell. <i>The Science of Color</i>. Elsevier. pp.&#160;149–190. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51251-2">978-0-444-51251-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Color+appearance&amp;rft.au=Steven+K.+Shevell&amp;rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Color&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-51251-2&amp;rft.pages=149-190&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BennettHacker-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-BennettHacker_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-BennettHacker_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">M. R. Bennett and Peter Michael Stephan Hacker (2003). <i>Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp.&#160;121–147. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0838-6">978-1-4051-0838-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Philosophical+Foundations+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0838-6&amp;rft.pages=121-147&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> (1989). <i>The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness</i>. Basic Books. pp.&#160;109–118. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06910-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06910-1">978-0-465-06910-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Gerald+Edelman&amp;rft.btitle=The+Remembered+Present%3A+A+Biological+Theory+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-06910-1&amp;rft.pages=109-118&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Knill DC (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofvision.org//7/8/13/">"Learning Bayesian priors for depth perception"</a>. <i>Journal of Vision</i> <b>7</b> (8): 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Learning+Bayesian+priors+for+depth+perception&amp;rft.au=Knill+DC&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalofvision.org%2F%2F7%2F8%2F13%2F&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vision&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Battaglia PW, Jacobs RA, Aslin RN (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-20-7-1391">"Bayesian integration of visual and auditory signals for spatial localization"</a>. <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i> <b>20</b> (7): 1391–7. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1364%2Fjosaa.20.001391">10.1364/josaa.20.001391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Bayesian+integration+of+visual+and+auditory+signals+for+spatial+localization&amp;rft.au=Battaglia+PW%2C+Jacobs+RA%2C+Aslin+RN&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticsinfobase.org%2Fabstract.cfm%3FURI%3Djosaa-20-7-1391&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fjosaa.20.001391&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&amp;rft.pages=1391-7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldreich, Daniel; Tong, Jonathan (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontiersin.org/consciousness_research/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00221/abstract">"Prediction, Postdiction, and Perceptual Length Contraction: A Bayesian Low-Speed Prior Captures the Cutaneous Rabbit and Related Illusions"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i> <b>4</b> (221). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00221">10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Prediction%2C+Postdiction%2C+and+Perceptual+Length+Contraction%3A+A+Bayesian+Low-Speed+Prior+Captures+the+Cutaneous+Rabbit+and+Related+Illusions&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.aulast=Goldreich&amp;rft.au=Tong%2C+Jonathan&amp;rft.date=2013-05-10&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Fconsciousness_research%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00221%2Fabstract&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00221&amp;rft.issue=221&amp;rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>, pp. 167–170</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> (1991). "Intelligence without representation". <i>Artificial Intelligence</i> <b>47</b>: 139–159. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0004-3702%2891%2990053-M">10.1016/0004-3702(91)90053-M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Intelligence+without+representation&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0004-3702%2891%2990053-M&amp;rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&amp;rft.pages=139-159&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=47" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Blumenfeld-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-Blumenfeld_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hal Blumenfeld (2009). "The neurological examination of consciousness". In Steven Laureys, Giulio Tononi. <i>The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology</i>. Academic Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374168-4">978-0-12-374168-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+neurological+examination+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Hal+Blumenfeld&amp;rft.btitle=The+Neurology+of+Consciousness%3A+Cognitive+Neuroscience+and+Neuropathology&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-374168-4&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kinney HC, Korein J, Panigrahy A, Dikkes P, Goode R (26 May 1994). "Neuropathological findings in the brain of Karen Ann Quinlan -- the role of the thalamus in the persistent vegetative state". <i>N Engl J Med</i> <b>330</b> (21): 1469–1475. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199405263302101">10.1056/NEJM199405263302101</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8164698">8164698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Neuropathological+findings+in+the+brain+of+Karen+Ann+Quinlan+--+the+role+of+the+thalamus+in+the+persistent+vegetative+state&amp;rft.au=Kinney+HC%2C+Korein+J%2C+Panigrahy+A%2C+Dikkes+P%2C+Goode+R&amp;rft.date=1994-05-26&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199405263302101&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8164698&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&amp;rft.pages=1469-1475&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=330" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, <i>The Quest for Consciousness</i>, pp. 216–226</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">V. Mark Durand and David H. Barlow (2009). <i>Essentials of Abnormal Psychology</i>. Cengage Learning. pp.&#160;74–75. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-59982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-59982-1">978-0-495-59982-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Abnormal+Psychology&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-495-59982-1&amp;rft.pages=74-75&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Note: A patient who can additionally describe the current situation may be referred to as "oriented times four".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NBCnews20130814-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-NBCnews20130814_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Neergaard, Lauren (August 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6IsYP826u">"New tool peeks into brain to measure consciousness"</a>. Associated Press through NBC News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/health/new-tool-peeks-brain-measure-consciousness-6C10919906">the original</a> on August 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.aufirst=Lauren&amp;rft.aulast=Neergaard&amp;rft.btitle=New+tool+peeks+into+brain+to+measure+consciousness&amp;rft.date=2013-08-14&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fhealth%2Fnew-tool-peeks-brain-measure-consciousness-6C10919906&amp;rft.pub=Associated+Press+through+NBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chronic-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-chronic_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-chronic_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-chronic_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernat JL (8 Apr 2006). "Chronic disorders of consciousness". <i>Lancet</i> <b>367</b> (9517): 1181–1192. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968508-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68508-5</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16616561">16616561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Chronic+disorders+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Bernat+JL&amp;rft.date=2006-04-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968508-5&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16616561&amp;rft.issue=9517&amp;rft.jtitle=Lancet&amp;rft.pages=1181-1192&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=367" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernat JL (20 Jul 2010). "The natural history of chronic disorders of consciousness". <i>Neurol</i> <b>75</b> (3): 206–207. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e3181e8e960">10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e8e960</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20554939">20554939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=The+natural+history+of+chronic+disorders+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Bernat+JL&amp;rft.date=2010-07-20&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e3181e8e960&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20554939&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurol&amp;rft.pages=206-207&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=75" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Coleman MR, Davis MH, Rodd JM, Robson T, Ali A, Owen AM, Pickard JD (September 2009). "Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness". <i>Brain</i> <b>132</b> (9): 2541–2552. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawp183">10.1093/brain/awp183</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19710182">19710182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Towards+the+routine+use+of+brain+imaging+to+aid+the+clinical+diagnosis+of+disorders+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Coleman+MR%2C+Davis+MH%2C+Rodd+JM%2C+Robson+T%2C+Ali+A%2C+Owen+AM%2C+Pickard+JD&amp;rft.date=2009-09&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawp183&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19710182&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain&amp;rft.pages=2541-2552&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=132" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, Boly M, Pickard JD, Tshibanda L, Owen AM, Laureys S (18 Feb 2010). "Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness". <i>N Engl J Med</i> <b>362</b> (7): 579–589. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa0905370">10.1056/NEJMoa0905370</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130250">20130250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Willful+modulation+of+brain+activity+in+disorders+of+consciousness&amp;rft.au=Monti+MM%2C+Vanhaudenhuyse+A%2C+Coleman+MR%2C+Boly+M%2C+Pickard+JD%2C+Tshibanda+L%2C+Owen+AM%2C+Laureys+S&amp;rft.date=2010-02-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa0905370&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20130250&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&amp;rft.pages=579-589&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=362" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Seel RT, Sherer M, Whyte J, Katz DI, Giacino JT, Rosenbaum AM, Hammond FM, Kalmar K, Pape TL; et al. (December 2010). "Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research". <i>Arch Phys Med Rehabil</i> <b>91</b> (12): 1795–1813. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apmr.2011.01.002">10.1016/j.apmr.2011.01.002</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112421">21112421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Assessment+scales+for+disorders+of+consciousness%3A+evidence-based+recommendations+for+clinical+practice+and+research&amp;rft.au=Seel+RT%2C+Sherer+M%2C+Whyte+J%2C+Katz+DI%2C+Giacino+JT%2C+Rosenbaum+AM%2C+Hammond+FM%2C+Kalmar+K%2C+Pape+TL&amp;rft.date=2010-12&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apmr.2011.01.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21112421&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Arch+Phys+Med+Rehabil&amp;rft.pages=1795-1813&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=91" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">George P. Prigatano and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a> (1991). "Introduction". In George Prigatano, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a>. <i>Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;3–16. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505941-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505941-7">0-19-505941-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction&amp;rft.btitle=Awareness+of+Deficit+After+Brain+Injury%3A+Clinical+and+Theoretical+Issues&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-505941-7&amp;rft.pages=3-16&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kenneth M. Heilman (1991). "Anosognosia: possible neuropsychological mechanisms". In George Prigatano, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a>. <i>Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;53–62. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505941-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505941-7">0-19-505941-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Anosognosia%3A+possible+neuropsychological+mechanisms&amp;rft.btitle=Awareness+of+Deficit+After+Brain+Injury%3A+Clinical+and+Theoretical+Issues&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-505941-7&amp;rft.pages=53-62&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1890). <i>The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1</i>. H. Holt. p.&#160;225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Psychology%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.date=1890&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=225&amp;rft.pub=H.+Holt&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dzogchen Rinpoche (2007). "Taming the mindstream". In Doris Wolter. <i>Losing the Clouds, Gaining the Sky: Buddhism and the Natural Mind</i>. Wisdom Publications. pp.&#160;81–92. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-359-2">978-0-86171-359-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.atitle=Taming+the+mindstream&amp;rft.au=Dzogchen+Rinpoche&amp;rft.btitle=Losing+the+Clouds%2C+Gaining+the+Sky%3A+Buddhism+and+the+Natural+Mind&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86171-359-2&amp;rft.pages=81-92&amp;rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Robert Humphrey (1954). <i>Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel</i>. University of California Press. pp.&#160;23–49. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00585-3">978-0-520-00585-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Stream+of+Consciousness+in+the+Modern+Novel&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-00585-3&amp;rft.pages=23-49&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> (1990). <i>Ulysses</i>. BompaCrazy.com. p.&#160;620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Ulysses&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=620&amp;rft.pub=BompaCrazy.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lynne Gibson (2002). <i>Modern World Religions: Hinduism</i>. Heinemann Educational Publishers. pp.&#160;2–4. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-33619-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-33619-3">0-435-33619-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Lynne+Gibson&amp;rft.btitle=Modern+World+Religions%3A+Hinduism&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-435-33619-3&amp;rft.pages=2-4&amp;rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Publishers&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maurice_Bucke" title="Richard Maurice Bucke">Richard Maurice Bucke</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxRWAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind</i></a>. Innes &amp; Sons. pp.&#160;1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=Cosmic+Consciousness%3A+A+Study+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Human+Mind&amp;rft.date=1905&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxRWAAAAMAAJ&amp;rft.pages=1-2&amp;rft.pub=Innes+%26+Sons&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="Consciousness#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a> (2002). <i>The Spectrum of Consciousness</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp.&#160;3–16. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1848-4">978-81-208-1848-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.btitle=The+Spectrum+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-208-1848-4&amp;rft.pages=3-16&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><cite class="citation book">Antonio Damasio (2012). <i>Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain</i>. Vintage. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307474957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307474957">978-0307474957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Antonio+Damasio&amp;rft.btitle=Self+Comes+to+Mind%3A+Constructing+the+Conscious+Brain&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0307474957&amp;rft.pub=Vintage&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Philip David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch, Evan Thompson (2007). <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67412-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67412-6">978-0-521-67412-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsciousness&amp;rft.au=Philip+David+Zelazo%2C+Morris+Moscovitch%2C+Evan+Thompson&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Consciousness&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-67412-6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consciousness&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_Studies" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Consciousness Studies">Consciousness Studies</a> at Wikibooks</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness">Consciousness</a> entry by Robert Van Gulick in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou">Consciousness</a> entry in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Philosophy/Philosophy_of_Mind/Consciousness_Studies/">Consciousness</a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622810/description#description"><i>Consciousness and Cognition</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jbp/ce"><i>Consciousness &amp; Emotion</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprint.co.uk/jcs.html"><i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Topics</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">Brain regions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Clinical neuropsychology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_misconceptions_about_the_brain" title="List of misconceptions about the brain" class="mw-redirect">Misconceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_function" title="Brain function" class="mw-redirect">Brain functions</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Consciousness</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making" title="Decision making" class="mw-redirect">Decision making</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">Motor coordination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lester_Benton" title="Arthur Lester Benton">Arthur Lester Benton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm">David Bohm</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio" title="António Damásio" class="mw-redirect">António Damásio</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Geschwind" title="Norman Geschwind">Norman Geschwind</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Elkhonon Goldberg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein">Kurt Goldstein</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Heilman" title="Kenneth Heilman">Kenneth Heilman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Kaplan" title="Edith Kaplan">Edith Kaplan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Lezak" title="Muriel Lezak">Muriel Lezak</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Wolcott Sperry</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_(patient)" title="HM (patient)" class="mw-redirect">H. M.</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KC_(patient)" title="KC (patient)" class="mw-redirect">K. C.</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Tests</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender-Gestalt_Test" title="Bender-Gestalt Test">Bender-Gestalt Test</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Dementia_Rating" title="Clinical Dementia Rating">Clinical Dementia Rating</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Performance_Task" title="Continuous Performance Task" class="mw-redirect">Continuous Performance Task</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayling_and_Brixton_tests" title="Hayling and Brixton tests">Hayling and Brixton tests</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johari_window" title="Johari window">Johari window</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_decision_task" title="Lexical decision task">Lexical decision task</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-mental_state_examination" title="Mini-mental state examination" class="mw-redirect">Mini-mental state examination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">Stroop effect</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_card_sort" title="Wisconsin card sort" class="mw-redirect">Wisconsin card sorting</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold">
<div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mind_and_brain" title="Portal:Mind and brain">Mind and Brain portal</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<tr>
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<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li>
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<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div>
</th>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe" class="mw-redirect">Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bain" title="Alexander Bain">Bain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Block</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Broad</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Burge</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">Chalmers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Churchland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">McDowell</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Turing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Theories</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">existential</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">neurophenomenology</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">identity theory</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_theory_of_mind" title="Representational theory of mind" class="mw-redirect">Representational</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dualism" title="Substance dualism" class="mw-redirect">Substance dualism</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Concepts</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_and_object" title="Concept and object">Concept and object</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Consciousness</strong></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity" title="Ingenuity">Ingenuity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" title="Intuition (knowledge)" class="mw-redirect">Intuition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_process" title="Mental process">Mental process</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_property" title="Mental property">Mental property</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a>&#160;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thinking</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4006349-5">4006349-5</a></span></li>
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						<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewusstsein" title="Bewusstsein – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="وعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCur" title="Şüur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="চেতনা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C-sek" title="Ì-sek – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Свядомасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Сьвядомасьць – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Съзнание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%81" title="Намăс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdom%C3%AD" title="Vědomí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymwybyddiaeth" title="Ymwybyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewusstsein" title="Bewusstsein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadvus" title="Teadvus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Συνείδηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciencia_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Conciencia (filosofía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konscio" title="Konscio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="خودآگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewustw%C3%AAzen" title="Bewustwêzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhfhios" title="Comhfhios – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%8B%9D_(%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99)" title="의식 (심리철학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चेतना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svijest" title="Svijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesadaran" title="Kesadaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%B0vitund" title="Meðvitund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscienza" title="Coscienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%94" title="תודעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಅರಿವು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ცნობიერება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%9Far" title="Hişar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientia" title="Conscientia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apzi%C5%86a" title="Apziņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85mon%C4%97" title="Sąmonė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudat" title="Tudat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चेतना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunc%C3%A9ncia" title="Cuncéncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewustzijn" title="Bewustzijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चेतना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="ज्वः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevissthet" title="Bevissthet – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੋਝੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiadomo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Świadomość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consci%C3%AAncia" title="Consciência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con%C8%99tien%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Conștiență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сознание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चेतना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%C3%ABdija" title="Vetëdija – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedomie" title="Vedomie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھۆشیاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Свест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svest" title="Svest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietoisuus" title="Tietoisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medvetande" title="Medvetande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamalayan" title="Kamalayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilin%C3%A7" title="Bilinç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="شعور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="באוואוסטזיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hire" title="Hire – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%81mie" title="Svāmie – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86" title="意识 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="चेतना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="Consciousness#"></a></li>					</ul>
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