2 MOWA ZALEŻNA I NIEZALEŻNA

Komunikacja językowa nie może obejść się bez relacjonowania opinii, stwierdzeń, pytań, sugestii za słyszanych czy odczytanych. W przypadku przywoływania czyichś słów w piśmie mamy zawsze możliwość wzięcia danej wypowiedzi w cudzysłów i poprzedzenia jej stosownym czasownikiem wprowadzającym takim jak say, tell (najczęściej spotykane) bądź np.: inform, claim, argue. Mamy wtedy do czynienia z mową niezależną (direct speech). Mowy niezależnej używa się przeważnie w języku pisanym, aby przytoczyć dokładnie czyjeś słowa. Występuje w dialogach w powieściach, nowelach i innych utworach literackich.

Stosuje się ją w sytuacjach, w których ważna jest precyzja, np. w takich dziedzinach jak prawo czy polityka.

2.1 Czasowniki wprowadzające

1 Dopasuj poniższe czasowniki wprowadzające do zdań 1-10.

Klucz

ask, promise, deny, exclaim (2x), whisper, explain, complain, admit, assure

Wzór: "What is this supposed to be?" he asked.

1. "Who's calling, please?"

2. "I'm not a child!"

3. "Shh, not so loud."

4. "My left shoulder hurts terribly."

5. "Go away!"

6. "I will get you out of this."

7. "Yes, I cheated in the exam."

8. "I didn't say that."

9. "They will get here in time."

10. "Green tea cools the body."

2 Znajdź i popraw błędy w poniższych zdaniach.

Klucz

1. He reminded to me that it was her birthday.

2. She replied me that she hadn't heard anything.

3. He assured that it would be easy.

4. The desk clerk informed that there were no rooms.

5. He admitted me that he offended them.

6. The teacher explained us that Islam doesn't allow extramarital relationships.

7. He promised that he would stop lying.

8. She complained that she was unfairly treated.

9. The landlord moaned that we used too much water.

10. She claimed that the telephone bill was paid the previous week.

3 Znajdź w kolumnie B właściwego mówcę dla zdań w kolumnie A.

Klucz

A

1 "The soil was not treated with fertilizers,"

2 "It suits your figure,"

3 "I need this report by noon,"

4 "Practise your spelling,"

5 "I gave up on acting,"

6 "I will stand for election,"

7 "Please don't touch the exhibits,"

8 "Get undressed,"

 

B

a the doctor told me.

b the actor said.

c the boss said.

d the politician said.

e the shop assistant told me.

f the curator said.

g the teacher told me.

h the farmer said.

2.2 Zmiany dotyczące czasów

4 Wyraź poniżej podane zdania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"It is a gorgeous room," she said. "You speak English very well," said Beth. "I haven't talked to him yet," said Alice. Bob said, "It looks frightening." "She is a very talented lawyer," said Jim. Philip said, "I am not trying to offend anyone." "I'm a babysitter,' said Amy. "We will try again tomorrow," he said. "I will wash the dishes", she said. "I won't repeat the mistake," said Tom. Tim said, "She is very kind." "It didn't happen like that," Mark said. Katy said, "I will do whatever it takes." "I won't say a word", Grace said. "I have been trying to call you," said Greg.

5 Przekształć poniższe zdania na dwa sposoby według wzoru.

Klucz

"She is always honest."

He said that she is always honest.

He said that she was always honest.

"She loves mountains." "He is always late." "I have never heard about it." "I hate Mondays." "She is getting better." "It will cost you a fortune." "He is always blaming me for things I haven't done." "I'm sick and tired of it." "He won't be missed." "She doesn't want to be an accountant." "My son believes in Santa Claus." " Beth never gets angry about anything." " Mrs Right often borrows things from us." "My sister is a very reasonable girl." "They live in Twin Oaks."

2.3 Zmiany dotyczące czasowników modalnych

6 Wyraź poniżej podane zdania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

1. "You must be over 21 to hire a car."

2. "She must be seeing things."

3. "He must be mad."

4. "You ought to think twice."

5. "He couldn't find common ground with some people."

6. "She could wear whatever she wanted."

7. "You mustn't let anyone use it."

8. "I would like to see you again."

9. "You needn't go to all that trouble."

10. "She used to work as a housekeeper."

11. "He should be indicted."

12. "You ought to quit smoking."

13. "You might clean the house."

14. "I must talk to you."

15. "You might succeed in convincing him."

7 W ciągu dnia Grace spotykała się z różnymi osobami, które powiedziały jej m.in.:

Klucz

Pharmacist:

"The prescription expired yesterday."

"You should call the doctor to renew it."

Grace's boss:

"Grace, I've noticed your hard work."

"You will find something extra in your paycheck."

Grace's fiancé:

"I would rather get married in Vegas."

Mrs Jenkins:

"I may drop in for a chat."

Wieczorem Grace opowiada babci o minionym dniu.

Uzupełnij relacje Grace, posługując się mową zależną.

Grace: Hi grandma! I went to the chemist's after work.

The lady there said ................................ (1). Grandma: Oh dear!

Grace: She told me ................................ (2).

Grandma: Yes, yes. I will do it. And how was your work? Grace: Very busy. I'm exhausted.

Grandma: And that boss of yours - is he nice? Grace: Some days he is nice, some days he is not.

Today he said ................................ (3). Grandma: How nice of him.

Grace: Yes, I felt some sort of satisfaction. He also told me that ........................(4). Grandma: This is a just great! I'm so proud of you. And how is Jack? Grace: Oh, you wouldn't believe what he told me yesterday!

He said ................................(5).

Grandma: He said what?!

Grace: Don't worry, grandma, I think he was only joking.

You know he loves to joke. Grandma: You never know with him, dear.

Grace: Oh, while it's still fresh in my mind. I met Mrs Jenkins on the stairs.

She said ................................(6).

2.4 Zmiany dotyczące zaimków

8 Zamień poniżej podane zdania na mowę zależną.

Klucz

1. "This is very easy."

2. "These are very good questions."

3. "I enjoyed this book."

4. "These are quite comfortable too."

5. "I have bought these for myself."

6. "This is a real war."

7. "These were the good old days."

8. "These roses are for you."

9 Zamień poniższe zdania na mowę zależną, pamiętając o zaimkach osobowych i dzierżawczych.

Klucz

Bob said, "I have met your parents." Katy said, "We have bought a new camera." Tim said, "I'd like you to meet my girlfriend." Jerry said, "Our car has a flat tyre." Paul said, "Bet your laptop is heavier than mine." Sue said, "My job is stressing me out." Jack said, "No company is better than ours."

10 Przekaż w mowie zależnej informacje zostawione przez Grega na automatycznej sekretarce.

Klucz

a)

Hi, Beth. We are in Greece. We are staying at the Attica Hotel. It is absolutely fantastic! The rooms are very clean and the staff are friendly. Nothing is too much trouble. We couldn't have asked for better accommodation! Our room overlooks the sea - it is wonderful to watch the sun set and rise. The food is excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. I will call you again on Saturday. Say hello to Mike from Kate and me.

Greg left a message on your answering machine. He said that....................................

b)

Hi, Beth. It is me again. We are a bit tired of our room. True, it is clean, but it is very, very small. There is no place to keep our suitcases. The bathroom is also tiny. You can sit on the toilet and brush your teeth over the sink. After the second night I called the reception desk to request a room change, but I was told that the hotel was overbooked and a room change was not an option. We are planning on checking out tomorrow. Say hello to Mike from us.

On Saturday, Greg left you another message. He complained that.............................

2.5 Pytania w mowie zależnej i niezależnej

11 Zamień pytania 1-15 na pytania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

1. "What happened?"

2. "Everything all right?"

3. "Will that be all?"

4. "What are you talking about?"

5. "How long are you staying?"

6. "What are you going to do?"

7. "How much does it cost?"

8. "What have you done to your hair?"

9. "What is wrong with you?"

10. "Who are you?"

11. "What do you want to become: a doctor or a lawyer?

12. "What is your boss like?"

13. "How are you doing?"

14. "How do you know my name?"

15. "What have you learnt?"

12 Wyraź poniższe pytania w mowie zależnej, wprowadzając przytoczenie słowem interpretującym wypowiedź według wzoru.

Klucz

"Will you stay for dinner?"

She invited me for dinner.

"Will you join us?" "Will you be my friend?" "Will you please go now?" "Will you answer the questions?" "Would you like a cup of coffee?" "Would you recommend me?" "Will you please be serious?" "Will you take me home?" "Will you wait for me?" "Will you stop staring at me?" "Would you turn off the radio?" "Will you give her my regards?" "Would you let me go?" "Would you help me out?" "Will you please behave yourself?"

13 Zamień pytania 1-12 na pytania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"Would you like to be self employed?" "Have you got a light?" "Can you trust him?" "Are you sure you want to know?" "Is your neighbour a bully?" "Is there any way out?" "Do you often skip breakfast?" "Has she really changed?" "Have they kept their promises?" "Is there any problem?" "Does he still work there?" "Do you approve of the ban on beer advertising?"

14Jak brzmiało pytanie w mowie niezależnej?

Klucz

He asked me what time it was. She asked me whether I would come. He asked me if I would do him a favour. She asked him what he was doing there. He asked me what I wanted for my birthday. She asked him whether it was his car. They asked me if I could speak Spanish. They asked us if we knew anything about it. He asked her if he could call back for further information. He asked her whether she was taking her pills.

15 Wybierz właściwe uzupełnienie a, b lub c dla zdań 1-5.

Klucz

1. He asked me .....................

a) where I wanted to go

b) where did I want to go

c) where I want to go

2. She asked me whether .....................

a) I had seen the film

b) had I seen the film

c) I saw the film

3. He wanted to know whether .....................

a) are we to wear protective clothing

b) did we wear protective clothing

c) we were to wear protective clothing

4. He wondered .....................

a) how had I managed to convince my parents

b) how I had managed to convince my parents

c) how did I manage to convince my parents

5. She asked us .....................

a) what were we doing

b) what were we to do

c) what we were doing

16 Uzupełnij relację w mowie zależnej na podstawie dialogu między Johnem a sprzedawcą w salonie telefonii komórkowej.

Klucz

Seller: Good morning sir, how can I help you?John: Good morning. I'm looking for a mobile phone.

S: Prepaid or postpaid?

J: I'm not sure. What is the difference between them?

S: With a prepaid mobile phone you will buy a block of minutes ahead of time. There are no monthly bills and you don't sign a contract. However, the billing is based on a per-minute cost. So, if you are going to use your mobile often then you should go in for a postpaid plan.

J: I think I will be better with a prepaid plan. I'm not a heavy phone user.

S: One more thing, the SIM card includes 15 euros of calling credit. When it runs out, you have to buy more time. If the card is inactive for a longer period of time, it expires.

J: I see. Where can I buy the SIM card?

S: You can buy it in any phone shop or at the newsagents, supermarkets or petrol stations.

J: OK, I will take it.

 

John went to a phone shop to buy a mobile phone. He wasn't sure which mobile to buy. The seller told him that with a prepaid mobile phone he (1) .............................. a block of minutes ahead of time. He told him that there (2) ................................ no monthly bills and that he (3) ................................ sign a contract. He also said that the billing (4) ........................................ based on per-minute cost. He concluded that if he (5).......................................... to use his mobile phone often, he (6) .............................. in for a postpaid plan. John replied that he (7)................................better with a prepaid plan adding that he (8) .................................... a heavy phone user. The seller informed him that the SIM card (9)........................15 euros of calling credit, so when it (10).......................... out, he (11)......................to buy more time. He added that if the card (12)............ inactive for a longer period of time, it (13)...................... . Then John asked him where he (14).............................. the SIM card. The seller replied that he (15)............ it in any phone shop or at the newsagents, supermarkets or petrol stations.

17 Wybierz właściwe wyrażenie, aby uzupełnić każde ze zdań 1-7. Posłuż się mową zależną.

Klucz

"How is the weather?" "How is she?" "Where do you want to go?" "Are you hungry?" "Why do you fight with him?" "Is there any way out?" "How do you like it?" Kim was going out for a walk, so she asked me ..................................................... . Beth's sister was discharged from hospital, so I asked her .................................... . Tom looked at my contract and I asked him ........................................................... . Amy doesn't go along with her brother, so I asked her ........................................... . I saw that he was using a new Canon camcorder, so I asked him ........................ . The boy was too shy to ask for food, so she asked him ........................................... . Tom picked me up for lunch and asked ................................................................... .

2.6 Polecenia, zakazy, rady i prośby

18 Wyraź poniższe polecenia i prośby w mowie zależnej, używając czasowników interpretujących sens wypowiedzi według wzoru.

Klucz

"You'd better hurry."

He advised us to hurry.

1. "Stay at home," they said

2. "Wait a moment," Mike said.

3. "Keep an eye on him," she said

4. Jack said, "Don't even think about it."

5. "Calm down and listen carefully," Simon said.

6. "Don't be afraid," Mark said.

7. "Don't lose hope," she said.

8. Helen said, "Don't expect too much."

9. "Leave me alone," Dave said.

10. "Drink more red wine," Alice said.

11. "Don't make me laugh," Tom said.

12. Roger said, "Call me back."

13. "Answer the phone," he said.

14. Jane said, "Don't stick your head out of the window."

15. "Be honest and always tell the truth," my mother said.

16. "Take it easy," Paul said.

17. "Apply a hot compress," Beth said.

18. "Stay in bed," the doctor said.

19. Ally said, "Keep your opinions to yourself."

20. "Take the car to a mechanic," Chris said.

19 Napisz, co głosi regulamin pewnej firmy. Posłuż się konstrukcją say/tell+podmiot +be+bezokolicznik według wzoru.

Klucz

Staff are to respect each other's privacy.

1. Don't use the phone for personal calls.

2. Wear badges.

3. Don't accept cash gifts.

4. Don't leave your valuables unattended.

5. Report any act of vandalism.

6. Smoke in designated areas only.

7. Park your cars in the main car park.

8. Don't discuss any job-related issues with anyone.

9. Attend appropriate training courses.

20 Przytocz w mowie zależnej poniższe polecenia wypowiedziane na lekcji przez nauczyciela.

Klucz

1. "Pay attention!"

2. "Don't speak Polish."

3. "Don't talk!"

4. "Be quiet!"

5. "Open your books."

6. "Do not copy other students' work."

7. "Write a story about your best friend."

8. "Take out your pens."

9. "Don't forget to do your homework."

10. "Put up your hands if you want to speak."

2.7 Zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zależnej

21 Przekształć poniższe zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"Ugh! It smells terrible!" "Whew! We made it!" "Oh! I did not know that!" "Wow! You look wonderful!" "Yuck! It tastes awful!" "Gee! It's great!" "Upon my soul! I swear this is true!" "Damn! I can't find my glasses!" "Ah! That hurts! "Oh dear! I've locked my keys inside!"

22 Dopisuj wyrażenia z kolumny A z odpowiednimi wyrażeniami z kolumny B.

Klucz

A

1 "Ouch! A bee has stung me!"

2 "Eek! A spider!"

3 "Dear me! You don't know that?"

4 "Ay! What a waste!"

5 "Hell! You didn't even try!"

6 "Aha! So you admit that you were wrong?"

 

B

a He gave an exclamation of surprise.

b He gave an exclamation of pain.

c He gave an exclamation of fear.

d He gave an exclamation of anger.

e He gave an exclamation of triumph.

f He gave an exclamation of sorrow.

23 Przekształć wyrażenia 1-5 z mowy niezależnej na zależną. Zwróć uwagę na odpowiednią transformację yes i no.

Klucz

He asked, "Will you help me?" and she said, "Yes." She asked, "Have you phoned Mark?" and he said, "Yes." They asked, "Are you tired?" and I answered, "No." He asked, "Can you drive?" and she answered, "No." I asked, "Is he a sports fan?" and she said, "Yes."

24 Przekształć zdania 1-10 na mowę zależną, łącząc je każdorazowo za pomocą odpowiedniego zwrotu.

Klucz

1. "How do you like my new glasses? I bought them at Harrods."

2. "You look tired. What's wrong?"

3. "Is Jack in? I must talk to him."

4. "Have you talked to her? What is she like?"

5. "Please come in. What can I do for you?"

6. "Be quiet! I'm trying to sleep."

7. "Can I use your mobile? I need to call my boss."

8. "What are you doing here? You should be on the plane now."

9. "Have you taken the test? What is your score?"

10. "We are going to the cinema tonight. Will you join us?"

25 Przekształć zdania 1-10 na mowę zależną, łącząc je każdorazowo za pomocą adding that lub as.

Klucz

1. "Contact John. He will give you more information."

2. "See the doctor. He will put your mind at rest."

3. "Will they get married? I hope they will."

4. "Have you heard his new album? It is amazing!"

5. "Can you tell me the time? I will have to leave at 8."

6. "Can I get you some coffee? It will do you good."

7. "Take an aspirin. It will kill the pain."

8. "You'd better take a jacket. It is cold and windy."

9. "Get rid of him! He is after your money."

10. "How is she? I hope she is doing well."

2.8 Zdania warunkowe w mowie zależnej

26 Przekształć (tam gdzie jest to możliwe) następujące zdania warunkowe w mowie niezależnej na zdania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

1. "If I were you, I would demand a refund."

2. "If I had more time, I would read more."

3. "If I hadn't met him, I wouldn't have set up a business."

4. "If she apologised, I would forgive her."

5. "If he insisted, I wouldn't disagree."

6. "If she hadn't overslept, she would have been on that plane."

7. "If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have had the accident."

8. "If she comes, I won't tease her."

9. "If they had let us know, we would have picked them up from the airport."

10. "If she were more passionate, I would vote for her."

2.9 Streszczenie

27 Zreferuj poniższą wypowiedź w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"I see little point in taking this discussion further. The rules are clear and are not

about to change. I simply reminded you of that, as I am required to do as a moder

ator - this is not patronising. I see that Tim has already told you this, so it should

have come as no surprise. If my previous remark implies that you broke the rules,

then good - that is precisely what I meant.

28 Zreferuj poniższą wypowiedź w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"The Garbage was playing in my town last weekend. It was the first time I had

ever seen them live on stage. What a great show it was! I was lucky to have a

fourth row ticket so I could see everything perfectly. Soon after the band appeared

on the stage the crowd of 60, 000 was into things. People were just singing their

lungs out. It was well worth every penny I paid for it, every minute of the drive to

get there and the outrageous parking fee."

29 Streść poniższe wypowiedzi.

Klucz

a) "If you detect smoke, a strange smell or unusual noises around the printer, turn

it off immediately."

The service manual says that .............................................................

b) "To get to the city centre, go along this street to the traffic lights, then turn right into Church Street. Go straight on and then turn left at the next traffic lights. The city centre will be on your right."

He told me how .............................................................

c) "Lift the cover, put the paper face down on the glass. Select the number of copies you want to make. Then press the "Print" button." She showed me how .............................................................

d) "We wish you health, happiness, personal fulfillment, good fortune and the best of luck in all your future endeavors." They wished me .............................................................

e) "I bought a dozen eggs, milk, butter, a piece of cheese, a packet of biscuits and a bar of chocolate." She said that .............................................................

f) "We do not accept questions like this one where there is no attempt by the original poster to provide an answer. We require thread-starters to show their own thinking." He said that .............................................................

30 Streść zdania 1-10 w mowie zależnej, używając każdorazowo czasownika wydrukowanego na zielono w odpowiedniej formie.

Klucz

"It was you who took the money!" she said. accuse ............................................................................................. "I can read 1000 words a minute," she said. boast ............................................................................................. "I can't tolerate your behaviour any more!" he said. complain ............................................................................................. "Don't forget to send Beth a birthday card," he said. remind ........................................................................................................................ "How is your husband?" she said. ask .............................................................................................................................. "I have to work at weekends," he said. moan ........................................................................................................................... "My grandchildren work in the financial industry," she said. tell ............................................................................................................................... "Yes, I cheated on you," he said. confess ........................................................................................................................ "You are not working hard enough!" she said. criticise ....................................................................................................................... "I behaved like an idiot. I am sorry," he said. apologise ....................................................................................................................

Quiz

Rozwiąż quiz. Wybierz prawidłową odpowiedź i przejdź do następnego pytania

1 Mowa niezależna to wprost przytoczona wypowiedź. a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 2. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 4.

2 Dobrze. Idź do 3.

3 W mowie niezależnej można niekiedy pominąć spójnik that. a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 5. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 7.

4 Źle. Mowa niezależna to wprost przytoczona wypowiedź (np. Tom said, "I feel sick.").

Wróć do 1.

5 Dobrze. Idź do 6.

6 Niektóre czasowniki wprowadzające wymagają dopełnienia. a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 8. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 10.

7 Źle. That można czasami pominąć. Nie opuszcza się go po takich czasownikach jak:

argue, explain, reply. Wróć do 3.

8 Dobrze. Idź do 9.

9 Który z czasowników nie ulega zmianie w mowie zależnej? a) may b) used to c) shall

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 11. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 12. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź c, idź do 14.

10 Źle. Pewne czasowniki wprowadzające (np. tell, inform) muszą być użyte z dopełnieniem. Wróć do 6.

11 Źle. May zmienia się na might. Wróć do 9.

12 Dobrze. Idź do 13.

13 W którym zdaniu must można przekształcić w had to w mowie niezależnej?

a) I must finish it tomorrow.

b) He must be in his mid-forties.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 15. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 17.

14 Źle. Shall zmienia się na should, a w przypadku składania propozycji na offer. Wróć do 9.

15 Dobrze. Idź do 16.

16 W którym zdaniu this zamienia się na the w mowie niezależnej?

a) This is your room.

b) I like this room.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 20. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 18.

17 Źle. W przypadku np. wnioskowań must pozostaje bez zmian. Wróć do 13.

18 Dobrze. Idź do 19.

19 Czasy we wszystkich zdaniach warunkowych zmieniają się.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 23. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 21.

20 Źle. Jeśli this jest zaimkiem, to przechodzi w it, np. "He said that it was my room". Wróć do 16.

21 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 22.

22 Które z poniższych zdań jest poprawnym przekształceniem: "When I lived in Chicago, I worked in a nightclub" na mowę zależną? a) He said that when he lived in Chicago he worked in a nightclub. b) He said that when he had lived in Chicago he worked in a nightclub.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 24. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 26.

23 Zła odpowiedź. Nie zmieniają się czasy w zdaniach warunkowych II typu, jeśli są sprzeczne ze stanem faktycznym (np. "If I were you, I would do it") oraz czasy w zdaniach warunkowych III typu. Wróć do 19.

24 Dobrze. Idź do 25.

25 Które z poniższych zdań jest poprawnym przekształceniem: "If she were to retire, I would understand" na mowę zależną? a) He said that if she were to retire he would understand. b) He said that if she had been to retire he would understand.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 27. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 29.

26 Źle. Czasy Past Simple i Past Continuous występujące w zdaniach czasowych zasadniczo nie ulegają zmianie. Wróć do 22.

27 Dobrze. Idź do 28.

28 Jaki szyk mają pytania w mowie niezależnej?

a) szyk zdania oznajmującego

b) szyk zdania pytającego

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 30. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 32.

29 Źle. Were to nie ulega zmianie w mowie zależnej. Wróć do 25.

30 Dobrze. Idź do 31.

31 Które z poniższych zdań jest poprawnym przekształceniem: "I wish I had a bigger house" na mowę zależną? a) She said that she wished she had a bigger house. b) She said that she wished she had had a bigger house.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 33. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 34.

32 Źle. Pytania w mowie niezależnej mają szyk zdania oznajmującego, np. "He asked how old she was". Wróć do 28.

33 Dobrze. Idź do 35.

34 Źle. Czas przeszły po wish (a także po would rather/sooner, it is time) nie ulega zmianie. Wróć do 31.

35 Gratulacje! To koniec quizu.

Test podsumowujący

31 Poniższe zdania zmień na mowę niezależną.

Klucz

1. She said that there weren't any tickets left.

........................................................................................................................................

2. Lynn told me she didn't understand the instruction.

........................................................................................................................................

3. He said that he had never planned to be a teacher.

........................................................................................................................................

4. Chloe said that she had left her luggage on the train.

........................................................................................................................................

5. Mr Bright said that he was moving to the suburbs.

........................................................................................................................................

6. Bob told me that he was very upset by her remarks.

........................................................................................................................................

7. He said that he had met her the day before.

........................................................................................................................................

8. Jacky told me to put the key there.

........................................................................................................................................

9. Mark said he would never give up.

........................................................................................................................................

10. Andrew said that his new book was coming out next month.

......................................................................................................................................

11. Brian told me that he was sorry for his behaviour.

......................................................................................................................................

12. Vince said that he used to smoke like a chimney.

......................................................................................................................................

13. He said that the flyover was scheduled to be completed in May.

......................................................................................................................................

14. The doctor told me that I needed to start exercising.

......................................................................................................................................

15. She said that she wouldn't object.

......................................................................................................................................

32 Uzupełnij poniższe zdania w mowie zależnej.

Klucz

"I will drop by tomorrow." He told me ........................................................ . "What have you done?" She asked me ........................................................ . "You look wonderful." He said ......................................................... "Can I call you back?" He asked ........................................................ . "This ring is beautiful." She said ........................................................ . "I haven't got a clue." She said ......................................................... "I met Jack in a DIY store." He told me ........................................................ . "I didn't enjoy this performance." She said ........................................................ . "We missed the bus by 10 minutes." He said ......................................................... "You have no reason to be angry." She said ........................................................ . "OK. I will go first." He agreed ........................................................ . "I won't tell your secret to anyone." She promised .............................................. . "This is really bad." He said ........................................................ . "I like it here." She said ........................................................ . "Cut down on coffee." He advised me.........................................................

1 Czasy

W języku polskim różnica pomiędzy czasem gramatycznym (tense) a czasem fizycznym (time) nie jest tak rozbudowana jak w angielszczyźnie, w której mamy np. kilka rodzajów gramatycznych czasu teraźniejszego. W sumie w podręcznikach wyróżnia się kilkanaście czasów gramatycznych. W języku polskim mamy tylko czas przeszły, teraźniejszy i przyszły, co w  zasadzie odpowiada podziałowi czasu rzeczywistego. To względne bogactwo czasów gramatycznych w  języku angielskim bierze się stąd, że pełnią m.in. takie role znaczeniowe, które w polszczyźnie mogą być oddawane przy pomocy innych środków nie występujących z  kolei w  angielskim, np. zastosowanie aspektu niedokonanego czasownika (czytać) albo aspektu dokonanego (przeczytać, wyczytać, doczytać), użycia czasowników jednokrotnych (grać, spać, chodzić) bądź wielokrotnych (grywać, sypiać, chadzać) lub zastosowanie innych wyrazów uszczegóławiających relacje czasowe.

Niniejsza część książki poświęcona czasom uwzględnia nawyki językowe czytelnika polskiego i wychodzi naprzeciw problemom, na jakie zwykle natrafiają Polacy uczący się posługiwania się czasami angielskimi.

1.1 Present Simple

Czas Present Simple nie jest w ścisłym znaczeniu czasem teraźniejszym, jest w pewnym sensie ponadczasowy i choć bywa używany jako czas teraźniejszy opisujący to, co dzieje się w  danym momencie (np. demonstracje kulinarne) albo nawet w miejsce czasu przyszłego, to jego główne zastosowanie polega na określeniu stanów, rutynowych czynności, nawyków i prawd uniwersalnych.

1 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Simple.

Klucz

He ......... (work) as a web designer. Their housekeeper ......... (not do) do the laundry. I never ......... (read) recipe books. She always ......... (keep) people at a distance. I ......... (wake) up before the alarm ......... (go) off. His lawyer ......... (charge) a set fee per hour. She always ......... (read) legal documents very carefully. Tim ......... (like) his potatoes mashed with butter. She ......... (not know) how to sew on buttons. Sophie ......... (make) the most delicious cheesecake in the world. Sparrows ......... (not migrate) to Africa for the winter. My computer ......... (take) a long time to load. Vegans ......... (eat) only plant food. Red Bull ......... (give) you wings. He ......... (collect) old envelopes and stamps.

2 Przekształć poniższe zdania na zdania przeczące.

Klucz

I experiment with my recipes. He delivers newspapers to earn some extra money. They eat vegetables and drink milk. My grandmother knits sweaters for us. My sister listens to all sorts of music. We eat three meals a day. My boss smokes Cuban cigars. She wears funny round glasses. My garden overlooks a magnificent waterfall. I take sugar in my coffee. My neighbours gossip about everyone they know. We cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions. They always fight over everything. My friends throw parties to please themselves. I get angry when people talk behind my back.

3 Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań.

Klucz

I usually drink orange juice for lunch. She never calls before she comes over. My boss often gesticulates while talking. I read boring articles to send myself to sleep. We seldom go out these days. I study English one to three hours a day. He always spreads butter too thickly on his bread. They live in a remote mountainous area. Polar bears eat seals and other marine mammals. My brother wants to become a driver.

4Korzystając ze wskazówki umieszczonej w nawiasie, wpisz w wolne miejsce właściwy przysłówek częstotliwości. Czasami więcej niż jedna odpowiedź jest prawidłowa.

Klucz

I ............ drink coffee with brown sugar. (at all times) He ............ speaks before he thinks. (on most occasions) She ............ wears her hair in a bun. (many times) I ............ shop at Wal-Mart. (on some occasions) He ............ writes book and film reviews. (not regularly or often) We ............ watch the same film twice. (almost never) They ............ eat between meals. (not at any time) We go bowling ............ . (once on each day) Do you ............ go bird watching? (at any time) The meeting is held ............ . (the second, then the fourth, then the sixth year)

5 Uzupełnij dialog wstawiając w wolne miejsce właściwe słowo (jeśli trzeba, dostosuj formę czasownika) wybrane z ramki.

Klucz

A: Excuse me, can you show me how to use this washing machine?

B: Yes, of course. First, I ............ (1) the right programme for my wash, whether it's a quick wash, slightly or heavily soiled. Then I ............ (2) the porthole door and............ (3) my load. It ............ (4) loading and unloading your laundry easy. Then I ............ (5) the correct money into the slot to start the machine. That's all. Short and simple.

(After some time)

B: Now, the washing is done. I ............ (6) for the door to unlock, ............ (7) the machine and I ............ (8) the laundry. Next ............ (9) moving it to the dryer.

A: Thanks a lot. I hope I won't have to take my clothes to the dry-cleaner next time.

1.2 Present Continuous

Czas Present Continuous nie służy jedynie do opisywania czynności bądź sytuacji, które trwają w  chwili mówienia. Present Continuous opisuje także czynności, które są obecnie w toku, choć nie musza dziać się w chwili wypowiadania zdania. Present Continuous opisuje także - za pomocą przysłówków always, continually, constantly - czynności powtarzające się. Zdanie wyrażone w  taki sposób nie jest jednak neutralnym stwierdzeniem. Jest ono nacechowane emocjonalnie, wyraża dezaprobatę, zazdrość, zniecierpliwienie.

6 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w Present Continuous, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania.

Klucz

When you ............ (leave)? What she ............ (try) to do? Why you ............ (wear) this suit? You ............ (do) anything tomorrow evening? Whom you ............ (see) tonight? Where you ............ (hurry) to at this hour? Why you ............ (do) this to me? What he ............ (get) at? What she ............ (wait) for? How he ............ (do) as a father?

7 Przekształć poniższe zdania na zdania przeczące.

Klucz

My parents are buying new furniture for their house. I'm thinking about leaving my job. We're planning to move to the suburbs. She is reading her old diary. Liz is dying her hair green and pink. He is cutting a piece of bread. The workers are striking over unfair labour practices. We are redecorating our guest rooms. The cat is licking its paws. My neighbour is drilling holes in the wall.

8 Uzupełnij wolne miejsca danymi z kalendarza (planu spotkań) Rona McCave lub Hugh Dextera w czasie Present Continuous.

Klucz

Kalendarz Rona McCave

Monday 9 -12 have a business meeting

Tuesday 1 pm: see an important customer

15 - 16:30 have lunch with a sales manager

Wednesday attend a conference on food safety

Thursday -

Friday take a business trip to Poland

Kalendarz Hugh Dextera

Monday 12 - 17:30 attend vegetarian food fairs

Tuesday -

Wednesday 12 - 14:30 videoconference

Thursday day off - moving out to a new house

Friday -

 

Dexter: Hello. Is that Ron McCave?

McCave: Yes, speaking

D: Hello, this is Hugh Dexter. We met during a conference on food quality last month.

M: Oh, it's you, Hugh. How are you?

D: I'm very well, thank you. I'm wondering if we could meet to discuss some of the things mentioned in the conference?

M: Yes, of course. What about tomorrow at 10 o'clock? No, I'm sorry. I'm busy all morning tomorrow - I ............ (1) a business meeting. Can we meet sometime

other than between 9 and 12?

D: No, tomorrow afternoon is no good - we ............ (2) . How about Tuesday afternoon?

M: Tuesday afternoon? I ............ (3) at 1 and from 15 to 16:30 I ............ (4).

No, Tuesday's afternoon is no good. Could we possibly meet on Wednesday?

D: Yes, I'm free after 14:30.

M: Umm, Wednesday afternoon isn't good, either. I ............ (5) . Thursday would be better for me. What are you doing on Thursday?

D: I'm taking a day off. I ............ (6) , but I'm available all day on Friday.

M: Ah, I ............ (7) . Perhaps we could meet sometime next week. Shall we say Tuesday?

9 Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań.

Klucz

She is reading a bedtime story to her little son. I'm drinking a gin and tonic. The child is getting to sleep now. The teacher is explaining the basics of algebra. We are shopping for a sofa bed. Ted is cleaning the bird cage. Matthew is sailing for Barbuda next month. Andy is translating a faxed document. She is whisking the eggs vigorously. They are basking in the afternoon sun.

10 Połącz zdania z kolumny A ze zdaniami z kolumny B.

Klucz

A B 1 She is so unreliable. a He is always helping others. 2 Vince was born underlucky star. b She is always poking her nose into a other people's business. 3 Jay never takes responsibility for his actions. c He is always getting what he wants. 4 Katy is so negativeall the time. d She is always criticising everyone and everything. 5 Winnie the Pooh isa very friendly bear. e She is constantly coming late. 6 She is a busybody. f He is always blaming someone else. 7 Paul is extremelyself-centred. g He is always talking about himself.

11 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Continuous, dokonujac zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka konieczność.

Klucz

A: Hi Martha, it is me. Listen, I (1) .................. (head) for the party, but I may be a little late.

B: Where are you?

A: In a car. I (2) .................. (talk) on the mobile. I (3) .................. (have) a bit of bad luck. I (4) .................. (sit) in a traffic jam.

B: Where are you stuck?

A: On the bridge. No accident, no road works just too much traffic and too many badly parked cars.

B: What the police (5) .................. (do)? Can't they do something to get the traffic moving again!

A: Like what?

B: Well, regulate the traffic flow and tow away those illegally parked cars.

A: Good idea. People park their cars anywhere and block the traffic. This area is a madhouse at weekends.

B: Yes, it is high time they did something. What's that noise? What (6) .................. (go) on?

A: Drivers (7) .................. (honk) and (8) .................. (cut) in front of other cars. This is just crazy!

B: The traffic (9) .................. (clear)?

A: No, it is not. Listen, I don't think I will make it to the party. This traffic jam just (10) .................. (get) worse and worse.

1.3 Present Continuous i Present Simple

12 Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A.

Klucz

A

1 What languages does she speak?

2 What do you do?

3 Where do you work?

4 Where is Ron?

5 Who is doing the shopping?

6 Where are you working?

7 What language is she speaking?

8 What are you doing?

9 Who does the shopping?

10 Ron is very active, isn't he?

B

a He is playing football.

b Me or my husband.

c Yes, he is. He plays football.

d English and Hungarian.

e I'm polishing my shoes.

f I can't understand a word of it!

g In a cornfield this season.

h In a bike shop

i I'm a cook.

j Chris. Do you want him to buy you anything?

13 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Continuous lub Present Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

1. A: Are you busy?

B: No. I ......... (watch) just TV. Come in, please.

2. A: Where is Mike?

B: In the kitchen. He ......... (have) breakfast.

3. A: Dan ......... (throw) a party next Saturday.

B: He always ......... (party)!

4. A: It ......... (get) colder and colder.

B: Let's stay at home until the weather ......... (improve).

5. A: You ......... (go) away this summer?

B: Yes, we ......... (go) to Madrid.

6. A: Who ......... (use) this room?

B: My son, when he ......... (come) home on holiday.

7. A: What is that smell?

B: Kate ......... (bake) bread.

8. A: How it ......... (go) at work these days?

B: I ......... (get) tired from working so much.

9. A: What he ......... (do) for a living?

B: He's a driver.

10. A: Who ......... (do) your hair?

B: I ......... (do) it myself.

1.4 Past Simple

Past Simple stosujemy, aby odnieść się do czynności bądź sytuacji umiejscowionych w przeszłości. Mówiący unaocznia wydarzenia przeszłe i okoliczności ich zaistnienia, nie sugerując ich powiązania z teraźniejszością.

14 Każdy z ciągów wyrazów 1-10 przekształć w poprawne zdania, nadając występującym tam czasownikom formę Past Simple.

Klucz

1. The Smiths/sell/their house and/move/ to Vancouver.

2. I/go/to bed, but I/not sleep/ a wink.

3. Philip/study/law at Glasgow University.

4. How/you/make/your first million?

5. Abraham Lincoln/be born/in 1809.

6. My brother/set up in business/as a confectioner.

7. Martin/sue/the newspaper for libel, and he/win.

8. When/you/last/see/him?

9. Amy/join/the company in 2001.

10. I/want/to be an astronaut when I/be/a child.

15 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Simple.

Klucz

I ......... (look) out of the window and ......... (see) a group of people gathered around a car. The vase ......... (fall) over and ......... (break) into tiny pieces. Katy ......... (call) me within minutes of leaving the office. Jack ......... (pay) me what he ......... (owe) me. Sue ......... (bite) her lip when she ......... (hear) the story. She ......... (leave) all the lights on. For her eighteenth birthday she ........... (receive) a camera. Tim ......... (grow) up in a family of eight. Last Saturday I ......... (take) my children out shopping. He ......... (pick) up the phone, ......... (listen), and ......... (run) out of the house. William ......... (park) his car, ......... (get) out, and ......... (approach) the house. She ......... (sit) on the edge of the bed and ......... (read) the letter again. Greg ......... (take) off his reading glasses and ......... (wipe) them carefully. I ......... (drop) out of school last year. Let me see if he ......... (call) her before last week.

16 Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań.

Klucz

My exams went very well. The child ate a meal with both parents. Their arrived at the station early. The police arrested demonstrators for blocking the runway. Mr Olive studied economics at the London School of Economics. The prime minister opened the industrial park on Monday. They do well financially. The phone rang a few times before I picked it up. Emma made a terrible mistake and there is no going back. He lost the game because the umpire was biased against him.

17 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Simple.

Klucz

Jane: Have you read the article on the jungles of Peru in National Geographic?

Chris: No, I haven't. I'm not really into the jungles of South America. Actually, I'm not into any jungles.

Jane: Oh, I(1)......... (be) certain that you would show concern for the plight of many endangered animals there. After all, you once (2)......... (belong) to OIPA.

Chris: Well, I (3)......... (think) that this article was about trees rather than animals. Of course I will read it. Thanks for telling me.

Jane: What you (4)......... (do) as a member of OIPA?

Chris: Well, we (5)......... (learn) about animal welfare, (6)......... (defend) their rights, (7)......... (protest) against vivisection. Actually, I can't recall much of what we (8)......... (do). As I (9)......... (say), that (10)......... (be) many years ago.

1.5 Past Continuous

18 Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań.

Klucz

1. The actress was rehearsing her lines.

2. While Martha was locking the door, she heard a gunshot.

3. Tom was paying the bill when a man came up to the table.

4. David was repairing the gate all afternoon.

5. The children were playing in the garden.

6. Ann was trying to remove the stain, but she was unsuccessful.

7. It was raining all night in London.

8. The boys were pitching the tent in the yard.

9. The fans were cheering on their team.

10. The ducks were swimming in the pond.

1.6 Past Continuous i Past Simple

19 W wyrażeniach 1-12 wstaw czasowniki w odpowiedniej formie, aby powstały poprawnie zbudowane zdania.

Klucz

I/read/a book/when/the power/go down.

I was reading a book when the power went down.

1. While/the kettle/boil/she/take out a cup/from the cupboard.

........................................................................................................................................

2. The postman/arrive/while/we/pack/for a trip to Florida.

........................................................................................................................................

3. I/make/the bed/when/I hear/ a cat meowing.

........................................................................................................................................

4. She/ meet/her future husband/while/she/stay/in Helsinki.

........................................................................................................................................

5. Tim/chat/online/while/the child/play/with a toy.

........................................................................................................................................

6. Alice/cut her finger/while/she/chop/a carrot.

........................................................................................................................................

7. A doctor/examine/me/when/a patient/come in.

........................................................................................................................................

8. I/run/into a friend of mine/while/I/shop/at Safeway.

.....................................................................................................................

9. Dorothy/see/a car accident/while/she/queue/at the Main Post Office.

........................................................................................................................................

10. Jack/hear/a police siren/while/he/go to bed.

......................................................................................................................................

11. It/rain/when/we/leave/the restaurant.

......................................................................................................................................

12. What/you/do/on 2 September?

......................................................................................................................................

20 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.

Klucz

Tim ......... (park) the car when a police officer ......... (stop) him for driving without his headlights on. A storm ......... (break) while Jim ......... (bird watch). The miners ......... (demonstrate) while the prime minister ......... (open) a meeting. The telephone ......... (ring) while I ......... (read). I ......... (sprain) my ankle while I ......... (get) off the bus. The gardener ......... (whistle) while he ......... (trim) the hedge. While the police ......... (search) the house, they ......... (find) two kilos of heroin. The ambulance ......... (arrive) while the fire brigade ......... (put) out the fire. Mike ......... (burn) his hand while he ......... (poke) the fire. I ......... (browse) the net when the lights ......... (go) out.

21 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Past Continuous lub Past Simple.

Klucz

It (1)............ (be) a fine day. The sun (2)............ (shine) brightly, the birds (3)............(sing), and children (4) ............ (run) about. I (5) ............ (take) Alfa - a big greyhound - and (6)............ (go) for a walk in the forest. While we (7)............ (walk) through the forest, a hare (8) ............ (jump) out from behind a bush and (9) ............ (begin) to run. The second my dog (10) ............ (see) the hare, she (11)............ (start) pulling the leash very hard, so we (12) ............ (walk) faster and faster. I (13) ............ (hold) onto the leash as tightly as I could. Then Alfa (14)............ (break) loose and (15) ............ (start) to chase the hare at full speed. Every second she (16) .......... (gain) on the animal. Finally, she (17) ............ (catch) up with it. Never having caught a hare before, Alfa (18) ............ (not know) what to do with it. She just (19) ............ (sniff) at it and (20) ............ (let) it run off.

1.7 When i While

Niektóre wypowiedzi takie jak: when he called, when she came zaczynają się słowem when, podczas gdy inne zaczynają się od while: while she was cooking, while he was eating. Kiedy wypowiadamy się o rzeczach przeszłych, po when następuje najczęściej czasownik w Past Simple natomiast while rozpoczyna zazwyczaj wyrażenie w Past Continuous.

22 W wolne miejsca wpisz when lub while.

Klucz

1. ............ he was talking on the phone, I was typing a message.

2. He was painting the ceiling ............ the ladder fell backwards.

3. I was overtaking a van ............ I heard a loud thump.

4. The nurse was preparing the medicines ............ the patient woke up.

5. ............ I was picking the fruit, a bee stung me on my finger.

6. We were complaining about the weather ............ the sun broke through the clouds.

7. We were watching a film ............ the screen went blank.

8. The President was giving a talk ............ a fire alarm went off.

9. I was taking a shower ............ the water stopped flowing.

10. ............ she was packing the bags, I was looking for our passports.

23 Skoryguj zdania analogicznie do podanego niżej przykładu.

Klucz

While the players were warming up, someone threw a bottle on the field. (pose for pictures)

The players weren't warming up when someone threw a bottle on the field. They were posing for pictures.

1. Aunt Clarissa burst into my room while I was napping. (tiptoe into my room)

2. While Kim was eating strawberries, Jim came home. (wash strawberries)

3. While I was putting on my running shoes, the lace broke. (take off shoes)

4. Brandon was running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket. (run down the stairs)

5. We were watching a match when the lights went off. (watch a film)

6. When Chris walked into the office, the secretary was filling out some papers. (eat a cake)

7. Beth was peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door. (mash potatoes)

1.8 Present Perfect

Present Perfect obejmuje przedział czasu ciągnący się od przeszłości do teraźniejszości, jest niejako pomostem między przeszłością a teraźniejszością. Ma zastosowania częściowo zbieżne z zasięgiem użycia czasu teraźniejszego jak również przeszłego w języku polskim. Present Perfect nie występuje z takimi określeniami czasu jak: yesterday, last year, two days ago, last Monday, when I was a child, then.

24 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

Mr Johnson never ............ (travel) out of Nebraska. A: Who is the blonde next to him?B: I don't know. I never ............ (see) her before. A: Is something wrong?B: I ............ (lose) my credit card. A: How well do you know Ted?B: We ............ (be) friends for over ten years. You ............ (see) my shoes? 6. A: Where you ............ (be) ? B: In the library. 7. A: Where is Jim?B: He just ............ (leave). How many times you ............ (try) to quit smoking? What you ............ (do) with your hair? She ............ (lose) seven kilos since the last time I saw her. There ever ............ (be) any volcano activity in Poland? I think I ............ (meet) my dream woman. The band ............ (not be) particularly successful in Europe. They are famous in Canada, though. I ............ (not sleep) well recently. You ever ............ (skip) classes?

25 Ułóż zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu z wyróżnionym słowem.

Klucz

It's ages since we last heard from you! not We ........................ ages. When did you get married? been How long ........................ married? Sue can't drive a car. learnt Sue ........................ to drive a car. I still don't know what I want to be when I grow up. made I ........................ up my mind ........................ when I grow up. I don't know how it is to study abroad. never I ........................ abroad. The art gallery bought an early painting by van Gogh two years ago. had The art gallery ........................ for two years. Nick spent his childhood in Boston and he still lives there. lived Nick ........................ since his childhood. Bob is still sleeping. not Bob ........................ awoken yet.

1.9 For i Since

26 W wolne miejsca wstaw for lub since.

Klucz

We haven't heard from her ............ June. I have been married ............ ten years. He hasn't scored a goal ............ the opening of the season. It has been so long ............ I last saw you. Nick has owned a record shop ............ three years. The building has been here ............ 1974. Jay hit the jackpot two years ago and ............ then he hasn't worked at all. I haven't done the ironing ............ a very long time. Beth hasn't been on holidays ............ years. Jim has had this annoying habit ever ............ I remember.

27Przekształć zdania według wzoru.

Klucz

Chad lost job in 2004.

Chad has been unemployed since 2004.

I smoked my last cigarette on May. ........................................................................................................................................ The last time I lost my temper was last week. ........................................................................................................................................ We stopped talking to each other over a year ago. ........................................................................................................................................ He last played a match in 2005. ......................................................................................... ............................................... We travelled across Europe last summer. ........................................................................................................................................ I stopped using Windows a month ago. ........................................................................................................................................ Grace became a business unit manager in 2002. ........................................................................................................................................ The last time we were in Madrid was back in 1990. ........................................................................................................................................

1.10 Present Perfect i Past Simple

28 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Present Perfect lub Past Simple.

Klucz

Dear Katy

Just a short note to tell you we (1)............. (return) to London safely. We (2)............ (have) a wonderful stay in your house. I (3)............ (travel) all over the world, and I can say that these two weeks in Rimini (4)............ (be) my highlight. From the moment we (5)............ (arrive) until we (6)............ (leave), we (7)............ (feel) very special.

Everyone (8)............ (have) a fantastic time, and this (9)............ (be) precisely how I had imagined it in my head. The setting (10)............ (be) excellent. Close to the beach and within a walking distance to downtown and shopping. Thank you for excellent accommodation and delicious food - your home made waffles with maple syrup are the best I ever (11)............ (have). Can I request you to send me a recipe?

Many thanks for everything. We look forward to our next trip to Italy!

Cheers,

Jane and Steve

29Które z pytań bądź uzupełnień (a, b) zdań 1-5 jest prawidłowe?

Klucz

He has worked as an accountant for 40 years.a) When is he going to retire? b) When did he retire? I have analysed it ............a) but I don't understand it. b) and I didn't understand it. The number I tried to reach ............a) has been disconnected. b) was unavailable. He hasn't signed the contract yet.a) He is still debating it. b) There were too many unanswered questions. She went to Florida.a) Where did she stay? b) Where is she staying?

30 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect lub Past Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

He just ......... (release) a new album. Argentina ......... (win) the World Cup in 1986. You ......... (be) here last week, right? She ......... (teach) philosophy at Southwestern University for 10 years now. He never ......... (vote) before, and he doesn't intend to vote this time. George ......... (not drink) alcohol before the accident. Will ......... (live) in Worcester until quite recently. I ......... (work) for Unilever almost all my life. I'm retiring next year. Real Madrid ......... (defeat) Sevilla three times last year. Whom Shakespeare ......... (marry)? Smith ......... (park) the car, ......... (get) out, and ......... (lock) the door. I'm sorry that I ......... (not write) for so long! Grace ......... (love) to read science-fiction books when she ......... (live) in Liverpool. Where is Jimmy? He ......... (leave) yesterday evening. Harry ......... (not be) to a baseball game since he ......... (get) married.

31 Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A.

Klucz

A

1 I saw him

2 I have seen him

3 We know that Penderecki

4 We know that Chopin

5 How long have you lived here?

6 Have you ever seen "Cleopatra"?

7 Did you see "Cleopatra" while abroad?

8 How long did you live there?

9 My great grandfather

10 My son, who is eleven,

B

a Since 1990.

b From about 1990 to 1999.

c didn't like fishing.

d has composed some operas.

e has always liked fishing.

f recently.

g Yes, a couple of years ago.

h didn't compose any operas.

i No, never.

j two days ago.

1.11 Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous użyty bez dokładniejszego określenia czasowego wskazuje, że dana sytuacja zaszła niedawno, ostatnio, przed chwilą... Stosując Present Perfect Continuous w pytaniach sugerujemy, że można zobaczyć, poczuć, usłyszeć coś, co jest wynikiem jakiejś czynności. Jeśli zadamy np. pytanie "Have you been drinking?", dajemy do zrozumienia, że wyczuwamy woń alkoholu. Używając tego czasu niewłaściwie, można obrazić osobę, do której jest kierowane zapytanie.

32 Dopasuj wyrażenia z kolumny B do wyrażeń z kolumny A.

Klucz

A

Her eyes are swollen. You are late again! You look bored. Why are you so scared? Aren't you tired? Beth seems to be very pleased. Are you hungry? The roads are wet. Your hands are rough. Tom is unwell.

B

Yes, I have been playing basketball. I've been gardening all afternoon. It's been raining the whole day. She's been crying. I've been watching a horror film. I've been waiting for Adam to come. Yes, she's been shopping and spending money all day. Probably because he has been drinking. Yes, I have been reading a dull article. No, I have been slaving over a hot stoveall day.

1.12 Present Perfect Continuous i Present Perfect

33 Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Present Perfect Continuous lub Present Perfect, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka konieczność.

Klucz

1. Now look at what you ......... (do)!

2. It ......... (thunder) and ......... (rain) all day.

3. Liz ......... (horse ride) since the age of eight.

4. He has a massive hangover. He ......... (drink) with friends all day.

5. How long you ......... (be) a fan of country music?

6. Jim ......... (jog) since April.

7. I ......... (cook) dinner. Lay the table and I will serve the food.

8. Rob ......... (see) a doctor recently.

9. I feel I ......... (know) her all my life.

10. I ......... (learn) a lot from the course.

11. You ......... (complain) too much lately.

12. We ......... (have) the house for two years.

13. Martha ......... (feel) much better recently.

14. A woman ......... (stand) outside our house since early in the morning.

15. My dog ......... (lose) his hair lately.

34Połącz poniższe zdania w jedno, używając czasu Present Perfect Continuous lub Present Perfect i przyimków w nawiasach.

Klucz

The government began negotiations with the miners in June. Now, it is December. (for)

The government has been negotiating with the miners for half a year.

1. I'm weeding the garden. I started weeding at 10 o'clock. (since)

........................................................................................................................................

2. Helen is dancing professionally. She started dancing in 1997. (since)

........................................................................................................................................

3. We have a new coffee machine. We bought it two months ago. (for)

........................................................................................................................................

4. Roger went down to the shops at 2 o'clock. Now, it is 4:10. (for)

........................................................................................................................................

5. Lynn is about to start reading the fifth chapter of this book. She started reading at noon. (since) ........................................................................................................................................

35 Podkreśl właściwy czas.

Klucz

Has Sue arrived/Has Sue been arriving? My back hurts! Have you been working/Have you worked in the garden again? Look! He has bought/has been buying a new sports car. Why is Dorothy upset? She has lost/has been losing her keys. Who has been using/has used my phone? The professor has been analysing/has analysed the problem since morning. He's coming to conclusions. We have called/have been calling the police several times this week. It's the first time I have talked/have been talking in public about the accident. Could you help him? He has been trying/has tried to repair the stove for hours. Tom and Jill have seen/have been seeing a lot of each other recently.

Quiz

Rozwiąż quiz. Wybierz prawidłową odpowiedź i przejdź do następnego pytania

1 Present Simple może odnosić się zarówno do teraźniejszości, jak i przyszłości.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 2.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 4.

2 Dobrze. Idź do 3.

3 Czasów Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous można używać wymiennie.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 5.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 7.

4 Źle. Present Simple obejmuje zarówno teraźniejszość (np. "I live in Scotland"), jak i przy

szłość (np. "My brother turns 18 tomorrow"). Wróć do 1.

5 Dobrze. Idź do 6.

6 Present Continuous może odnosić się do chwili bieżącej albo do najbliższego otoczenia czasowego (bliższej i dalszej teraźniejszości).

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 8.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 10.

7 Źle. W niektórych sytuacjach można używać Present Perfect i Present Perfect Continuous wymiennie, np. zdania: "She has worked here since 2000", "She has been working here since 2000" mają takie samo znaczenie (Ona pracuje tutaj od 2000 roku). Wróć do 3.

8 Dobrze. Idź do 9.

9 Które zdanie wyraża irytację? a) You are always complaining. b) You always complain.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 11.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 13.

10 Źle. Present Continuous nie tylko stosujemy, kiedy mowa o chwili obecnej, ale również o bliższej i dalszej teraźniejszości, np. "He is not reading books these days". Wróć do 6.

11 Dobrze. Idź do 12.

12 Która czynność niekoniecznie odbywa się w chwili mówienia?

a) Joanna is writing a new novel now.

b) Joanna is writing a new novel at the moment.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 14.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 16.

13 Źle. Irytację, dezaprobatę, zniecierpliwienie wyrażamy za pomocą Present Continuous. Wróć do 9.

14 Dobrze. Now w języku angielskim nie oznacza tylko najbliższego momentu czasowego. To zdanie może oznaczać, że Joanna jest obecnie (np. w tym miesiącu, roku) zajęta pisaniem nowej powieści, tzn. w chwili mówienia tego zdania, niekoniecznie musi nad nią pracować. Idź do 15.

15 W którym zdaniu Jan mieszka na stałe w Londynie?

a) John lives in London.

b) John is living in London.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 17.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 19.

16 Źle. Wróć do 12.

17 Dobrze. Idź do 18.

18 Które zdanie mówi o tym, że samochód został umyty?

a) Matthew has cleaned the car.

b) Matthew has been cleaning the car.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 20.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 22.

19 Źle. Present Continuous informuje nas m.in. o czynnościach tymczasowych, krótkotrwałych. Wróć do 15.

20 Dobrze. Present Perfect stosujemy m.in., kiedy jest mowa o teraźniejszych skutkach danej sytuacji/czynności. Idź do 21.

21 W Present Simple bardzo często używamy przysłówków częstotliwości. Które z zestawów a, b, c zawiera w każdym wierszu tylko synonimy?

a) seldom - from time to time - once in a blue moon

often - every now and then

occasionally - sporadically - rarely

b) once in a blue moon - often

frequently - sporadically

every now and then - occasionally

sometimes - from time to time

rarely - seldom

c) seldom - rarely - once in a blue moon

often - frequently

every now and then - occasionally - sporadically

sometimes - from time to time

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 25.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 26.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź c, idź do 23.

22 Źle. To zdanie informuje, że Mateusz mył samochód aż do chwili wypowiadania zdania, choć możliwe jest, że nadal go myje. Wróć do 18.

23 Dobrze. Idź do 24.

24 Przyimki since i for stosujemy wymiennie.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 29. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 27.

25 Źle. Wróć do 21.

26 Źle. Wróć do 21.

27 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 28.

28 Które zdanie daje do zrozumienia, że John Singleton nie napisze już żadnej książki?

a) John Singleton has written many legal thrillers.

b) John Singleton wrote many legal thrillers.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 32.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 30.

29 Zła odpowiedź. Since zaznacza moment rozpoczęcia czynności, a for określa długość czynności. Wróć do 24.

30 Dobrze. Idź do 31.

31 "Dave has phoned me this morning". O jakiej porze dnia relacjonuję, że Dave do mnie zadzwonił? a) między 8 - 12 b) między 12 - 19

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 33.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 35.

32 Źle. Zastosowanie Present Perfect wskazuje na powiązanie przeszłości z teraźniejszością, sugeruje, że coś może być powtórzone w teraźniejszości. To zdanie daje do zrozumienia, że John Singleton jest czynny zawodowo i można spodziewać się jego kolejnych książek. Past Simple natomiast odnosi się do przeszłości i kwestie, które opisuje, są zamknięte. Zdanie: "John Singleton wrote many legal thrillers" może oznaczać, że autor nie pisze już książek, bo np. wycofał się z zawodu. Wróć do 28.

33 Dobrze. Idź do 34.

34 Które zdanie znaczy tyle co: "The floor is clean" ?

a) I have cleaned the floor.

b) I have been cleaning the floor.

c) I am cleaning the floor.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 36.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 38.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź c, idź do 39.

35 Źle. Użycie czasu Present Perfect (has phoned) wskazuje, że zdanie zostało wypowiedziane przed południem (między 8 a 12), this morning jest w tym przypadku określeniem czasu teraźniejszego. Po południu powiemy: "Dave phoned me this morning". Wróć do 31.

36 Dobrze. Idź do 37.

37 Które zdanie jest charakterystyczne dla demonstracji kulinarnej?

a) I put oats and milk in a saucepan. Next, I lower the heat and stir well.

b) I am putting oats and milk in a saucepan. Next, I am lowering the heat and stirring well.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 40.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 41.

38 Źle. To zdanie oznacza, że myję (od jakiegoś czasu) podłogę. Wróć do 34.

39 Źle. To zdanie oznacza, że w tym momencie myję podłogę. Wróć do 34.

40 Dobrze. Idź do 42.

41 Źle. Kiedy wyjaśniamy, jak należy coś wykonać, np. przyrządzić potrawę, przeprowadzić eksperyment, itp., używamy Present Simple, mimo że daną czynność wykonujemy w chwili obecnej. Wróć do 37.

42 Gratulacje! To koniec quizu.

1.13 Past Perfect

Czas Past Perfect jest czasem zaprzeszłym. Stosuje się go, aby zaznaczyć uprzedniość danej czynności lub sytuacji przeszłej względem innej czynności lub sytuacji przeszłej.

W przeciwieństwie do zdań w Present Perfect, zdania w Past Perfect mogą zawierać konkretne określenia czasu, np. in 1998, on Saturday, when he returned, before she got married. Opisując wydarzenie przeszłe o jasnej chronologiczne kolejności, używa się Past Simple, a nie Past Perfect. W szczególności, gdy w wypowiedzi pojawiają się przyimki before czy after które wyraźnie określają pierwszeństwo i następstwo czasowe, stosowanie Past Perfect nie jest konieczne.

36 Ułóż zdania zgodnie z wzorem:

Klucz

Philip never saw koala bears. He went to Australia. (before)

Philip had never seen koala bears before he went to Australia.

I returned from hospital. Then I resumed swimming. (as soon as)

As soon as I had returned from hospital, I resumed swimming.

1. I finished cleaning the house. Then my parents came home. (by the time)

........................................................................................................................................

2. The dentist drilled my tooth. Then he filled it. (before)

........................................................................................................................................

3. I visited Sydney and Canberra. Then I moved to Australia with my family. (after)

........................................................................................................................................

4. I didn't see a waterfall. Then I visited Zambia. (before)

........................................................................................................................................

5. Peggy was confused. She didn't understand what I was asking for. (because)

........................................................................................................................................

6. The foreman left the site. Then the workers went to a canteen. (as soon as)

........................................................................................................................................

7. The children did the maths. Then they went out to play. (when)

........................................................................................................................................

37 Używając wyróżnionego słowa, ułóż drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu, co pierwsze.

Klucz

Last year I went to an auction. It was my first time there. never I ................................................ auction before. Robert wanted to study history. His parents talked him out of it. but Robert .............................................. his parents talked him out of it. Lucy watered the houseplant. She got a phone call afterwards. already When ................................................ watered the houseplant. I read most of the classic horror novels. I turned fifteen by the time. had By the time ................................................ classic horror novels. That was the only time I wanted to come back to Europe. never I ................................................ Europe before. Paul graduated from Oxford and then he joined the Labour Party. until Paul didn't join ................................................ from Oxford.  I washed my hair before the alarm clock went off. when ................................................ my hair. Garry arrived at the airport at 5. The plane took off at 5:10. by the time The plane ................................................ at the airport.

1.14 Past Perfect i Past Simple

38 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Perfect bądź Past Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile zachodzi taka konieczność.

Klucz

1. As I ...... (become) fully awake, I ...... (realise) that it only ...... (be) a dream.

2. I never ......... (drink) so much wine before I ......... (go) to France.

3. He ......... (have) dyslexia for years when it ......... (be) diagnosed.

4. Brian ......... (know) Berlin very well because he ......... (visit) the city

several times.

5. He ......... (not remember) where he ......... (leave) the suitcase.

6. Before George ......... (answer), I knew that he ......... (lie) to me.

7. After you ......... (be) fired, what you ......... (do)?

8. Jeff ...... (work) as a technology consultant for two years before he ...... (get) this job.

9. When the meeting ......... (end), we ......... (pose) for photos.

10. It ......... (be) obvious that she ......... (make) her mind up long ago.

11. I wish I ...... (meet) him earlier.

12. By that time I ......... (live) in Morocco for over 10 years.

13. When I ...... (open) the fridge, I ...... (see) that somebody ...... (eat) all pies.

14. I ......... (hope) to find a summer job, but I ......... (fail) in all interviews.

15. If only she ......... (talk) to me sooner!

1.15 Past Perfect Continuous

Czas Past Perfect Continuous jest czasem zaprzeszłym z wyraźnie zaznaczonym aspektem trwania. Wyraża czynności lub sytuacje, które trwały przed innymi wydarzeniami lub sytuacjami w przeszłości albo wskazuje na przyczynę jakiegoś wydarzenia czy sytuacji.

39 Rozwiń wyrażenia umieszczone w nawiasie do zdania w Past Perfect Continuous według wzoru:

Klucz

My back was sore. (sit at the computer for hours)

My back was sore because I had been sitting at the computer for hours.

1. I passed the exam successfully. (study very hard)

2. Jacky was very tired. (clean all morning)

3. Sue got sunburnt. (lie in the sun too long)

4. The driver fell asleep at the wheel. (drive all day long)

5. Ron had a hangover. (drink the whole evening)

6. Her eyes were puffy. (cry the whole night)

7. Daniel came home hot and sweaty. (jog)

8. The roads were impassible. (snow heavily all night)

9. My hair was wet. (swim for half an hour)

10. Philip had dirt on his hands. (repair his car)

11. Pam's clothes were covered in paint. (paint the flat)

12. L ynn was promoted. (work hard)

13. We didn't hear him come in. (laugh out loud)

14. Tom was fired. (make private phone calls)

15. Mike had a stomach upset. (eat too much junk food)

40 A Napisz, używając czasu Past Perfect Continuous, co uczestnicy przyjęcia robili, zanim przybyła policja.

Klucz

They ............ for a few hours before the police arrived.

1. drink and eat noisily

........................................................................................................................................

2. dance wildly

........................................................................................................................................

3. play music at full volume

........................................................................................................................................

4. shout

........................................................................................................................................

5. fight

........................................................................................................................................

40 B Analogicznie, napisz, co robili policjanci przed interwencją.

Klucz

The policemen ............ for some time before they received a noise complaint.

patrol the area ........................................................................................................................................ issue parking tickets ........................................................................................................................................ watch out for drunk drivers ........................................................................................................................................ pick up truants ........................................................................................................................................ monitor traffic ........................................................................................................................................

1.16 Past Perfect Continuous i Past Simple

41 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Past Perfect Continuous bądź Past Simple.

Klucz

1. It ......... (snow) for hours when we ......... (leave) for St. Petersburg.

2. Mark ......... (work) for Ford Motor Company for five years before he ......... (be lay) off.

3. The police ......... (investigate) the case for a year before it ......... (go) to trial.

4. By 2000, I ......... (live) in Boston for six years.

5. Amy was angry. She ......... (wait) for them for an hour.

6. The streets were filled with puddles. It ......... (rain) all morning.

7. By 6 o'clock, he ......... (repair) the engine for two hours.

8. Elisabeth ......... (lecture) at the university for two years before she ......... (move) to Poland.

9. Susan ...... (go) down with flu. She ...... (feel) unwell for some time before that.

10. I ......... (put) on weight because I ......... (eat) too much rich food.

Quiz

Rozwiąż quiz Wybierz prawidłową odpowiedź i przejdź do następnego pytania

1 W języku angielskim są cztery czasy przeszłe.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 2. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 4.

2 Dobrze. Idź do 3.

3 Czasu Past Perfect używamy, kiedy relacjonujemy zdarzenia, które następowały po sobie

w przeszłości.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 7. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 5.

4 Źle. W języku angielskim używa się czterech czasów przeszłych: Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect i Past Perfect Continuous. Wróć do 1.

5 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 6.

6 Które zdanie jest uprzejmiejsze? a) I was wondering if you could help me. b) I wondered if you could help me.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 8. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 10.

7 Zła odpowiedź. By opowiedzieć o zdarzeniach, które następowały jedne po drugich, stosujemy czas Past Simple. Wróć do 3.

8 Dobrze. Idź do 9.

9 Past Simple stosujemy, gdy chcemy mówić o czynnościach lub stanach, które wydarzyły się w przeszłości bez wskazywania na ich powiązania z teraźniejszością, a tylko zwracając uwagę na dystans między chwilą obecną a minionymi zdarzeniami.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 11. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 13.

10 Źle. Zdanie wyrażone w Past Continuous jest grzeczniejsze. Wróć do 6.

11 Dobrze. Idź do 12.

12 Używając czasu Past Continuous informujemy, że czynność została zakończona.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 16. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 14.

13 Źle. Wróć do 9.

14 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 15.

15 Do jakiej chwili odnosi się zdanie: "I wish I had a dog"?

a) teraźniejszej

b) przeszłej

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 17. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 19.

16 Zła odpowiedź. Czasu Past Continuous używamy mówiąc o czynności, która odbywała się w określonym momencie w przeszłości i wówczas nie była ukończona, choć możliwe, że została zakończona później. Wróć do 12.

17 Dobrze. Idź do 18.

18 W którym zdaniu Krzyś miał już zdany egzamin z chemii?

a) On Monday Chris had his chemistry exam.

b) On Monday Chris had had his chemistry exam.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 22. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 20.

19 Źle. Jeśli w wyrażeniu z I wish stosujemy Past Simple, odnosimy się do teraźniejszości. Wróć do 15.

20 Dobrze. Idź do 21.

21 Kóre zdanie informuje, że na Filipa czekał obiad?

a) When Philip arrived, Sue made dinner.

b) When Philip arrived, Sue had made dinner.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 25. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 23.

22 Źle. W tym zdaniu mówi się, że Krzyś zdawał egzamin w poniedziałek. Natomiast w drugim zdaniu: "On Monday Chris had had his chemistry exam" stwierdza się, że był po egzaminie, a zatem egzamin odbył się przed poniedziałkiem. Idź do 18.

23 Dobrze. Idź do 24.

24 Który czas opisuje czynność, która się już skończyła, ale wciąż są widoczne jej skutki?

a) Past Perfect

b) Past Perfect Continuous

c) Past Continuous

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 28. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 26. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź c, idź do 29.

25 Źle. To zdanie oznacza, że Zuza zrobiła obiad po przyjściu Filipa. Wróć do 21.

26 Dobrze. Idź do 27.

27 Którego czasu używamy mówiąc o faktach historycznych?

a) Past Simple

b) Past Perfect

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 30. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 31.

28 Źle. To czasu Past Perfect Continuous używamy, by zaznaczyć przyczynę jakiegoś wydarzenia/sytuacji, np. "I was very tired. I had been working very hard all day". Wróć do 24.

29 Źle. Wróć do 24.

30 Dobrze. Idź do 32.

31 Źle. To czasu Past Simple używamy mówiąc o faktach historycznych, np. "Maria Curie-Skłodowska and her husband discovered radium and polonium". Wróć do 27.

32 Gratulacje! To koniec quizu.

1.17 Future Simple

Ze wszystkich czasów przyszłych Future Simple jest podstawowy i najbardziej uniwersalny. Z powodu wielości znaczeń (Future Simple wyraża opinię, przypuszczenia, spontaniczną decyzję, obietnicę, kategoryczne polecenie, prośbę, brak chęci, itp.) nie zawsze jest oczywiste, które z nich mówiący miał na myśli. Nierzadko wypowiedzi w tym czasie możemy interpretować na różne sposoby.

Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przyszłego, Future Simple nie może być użyty w zdaniach zaczynających się od wyrazów when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless, provided. Reguła ta obowiązuje, wtedy gdy nie ma my zamiaru nadać wyrażeniu z will znaczenia "zechcieć", np. "I'll be grateful if you will kindly consider my request."

Jeśli masz za miar dać do zrozumienia, że ktoś nie zrobi czegoś w przyszłości nie dlatego, że nie chce, ale z powodu niezależnych okoliczności, unikaj czasu Future Simple (np. "I won't join you."). Aby nie sugerować odmowy lub niechęci, użyj czasu Future Continuous (np. "I won't be joining you.").

42 Zareaguj na opisane w zdaniach 1-13 sytuacje, wypowiadając swoje decyzje w czasie Future Simple według wzoru.

Klucz

The phone is ringing.

I will answer/pick it up/get it.

1. I don't understand it.

2. This is a very heavy box.

3. It's freezing in here.

4. I've got a splitting headache!

5. I'm in a hurry.

6. The garbage is full.

7. The dog needs to go out.

8. I'm so sleepy!

9. There isn't any bread.

10. Your room is a real mess.

11. The smoke alarm doesn't work.

12. The mail box is bulging with letters.

13. The grass is too tall.

43 Do każdego ze zdań 1-10 dopisz odpowiednie postanowienie.

Klucz

I drink too much coffee. I will cut back to one or two cups a day.

I have bad eating habits. I can't set the video. I'm too fat. I'm a heavy smoker. I'm in the red. I can't speak a foreign language. I'm too stressed. I lack confidence. I spend too much money. I go out too often.

44 Zaneguj prognozy wyrażone w zdaniach 1-10, posługując się wyrażeniami zawartymi w nawiasach.

Klucz

The price of petrol will come down in two years' time. (go up)

No, it won't. It will go up.

The world's population will come to an end by the end of the 21st century. (stop growing) People will travel to exotic planets in sixty years' time. (travel to the moon) Distance learning will replace traditional methods of education in the future. (support traditional methods of education) In the next sixty years, cars will run on hydrogen. (run on sugar cane) People will live in underground buildings in thirty years' time. (live in smaller houses) People will eat pills instead of food in 2100. (eat convenience food) In sixty years' time, people will use sun to produce energy. (use biomass) In fifteen years' time, Warsaw will have five airports. (have two airports) By the year 2070, people will have several careers. (have shorter careers) The Arctic will be covered in palm trees in the future. (become warmer)

45 Zastąp wytłuszczone słowa odpowiednio wyrazami: will, won't bądź shall. Jeśli trzeba, dodaj zaimek osobowy.

Klucz

Please stop fidgeting! Jim refuses to go to a doctor. When do you want me to arrive? The director is ready to see you now. Why don't we go out tonight? All payments ought to be made not later than May 31. I promise to call you tomorrow.

46 Ułóż zdania wyrażające ostrzeżenia bądź groźby w Future Simple wykorzystując wska-zówki umieszczone w nawiasach.

Klucz

Your neighbour is listening to music at full volume. (turn the volume down/call the police) Your employee is late for work again. (keep to the hours of work/fire you) Your students are talking. (be quiet/punish you) Your boss says no to your request for a pay rise. (give me a pay rise/quit) Your child is doing poorly at school. (improve your grades/ deduct one pound each day from your pocket money) Your camera doesn't work. The seller doesn't want to refund your money. (give me a refund/sue you) Your flat mate doesn't keep his room neat. (pick up your room/ throw away everything that I find on the floor) Your brother doesn't clean up the table after eating. (clean up the table/not allow you to eat with us) Your little sister is lying to you. (tell the whole truth/lock you in your room until you confess) Your landlord is continually disturbing you at night. (stop harassing me/report you)

1.18 Be Going To

Wyrażenia be going to używamy, by wyrazić intencję zrobienia czegoś w przyszłości. Zamierzona czynność jest z reguły przemyślana i należy się domyślać, że jakieś przygotowania zostały już podjęte. Be going to jest również używane, by wyrazić przewidywania wynikające z naocznych obserwacji dotyczących wydarzeń, zdaje się nieuchronnych.

Unikaj stosowania wyrażenia be going to z czasownikami ruchu, zwłaszcza come i go. W takich przypadkach użyj czasu Present Continuous.

Jeśli chcesz posłużyć się jakimś zdarzeniem w przyszłości jako wymówką, unikaj wyrażenia be going to (np. "I'm sorry, I can't see you tomorrow. I'm going to visit my uncle."). Stosując tę konstrukcję sprawiłbyś wrażenie, że nie zrobisz czegoś, kierując się subiektywnym wyborem.

Użyj czasu Present Continuous (np. "I'm sorry, I can't see you tomorrow. I'm visiting my uncle."), aby dać do zrozumienia, że przyczyną odmowy są wcześniej poczynione plany.

47 Na podstawie symptomów 1-10 wywnioskuj, co może się wydarzyć.

Klucz

There are black clouds in the sky.

It's going to rain.

1. The sun is coming out.

2. The ladder is unstable.

3. Simon is opening a bottle of wine.

4. The cyclist is ahead of his rivals.

5. He is leading in the polls for the presidential election.

6. I've missed the bus.

7. He hasn't studied for the exam.

8. Katy has been lying unprotected in the sun for too long.

9. My computer is infected.

10. Tim has poured himself another glass of whisky.

48 Ułóż pytania dotyczące podkreślonych części zdań.

Klucz

I'm going to tell you a secret. She is going to break up with her boyfriend. Kim is going to eat brown bread from now on. Jack is not going to say a word about that. My brother is going to get married. Steve is going to settle down one day. We're going to get there by the end of the week. His parents are going to split up in the near future. Alice is going to open her office in Brussels. Beth is going to spend the day cleaning.

49 Po krótkim zaprzeczeniu przekształć zdania (1-10) według poniżej podanego wzoru, dobierając odpowiednie uzupełnienie spośród wyrażeń (a-j).

Klucz

Tina Turner is going to come back on stage.

No, she is not. She is going to write an autobiography.

Starbucks is going to change its logo. E-learning is going to replace traditional education. David Beckham is going to play in a film. Mike Tyson is going to move to India. Maybach is going to launch a small family car. Women ski jumping is going to become a Winter Olympic Games sport. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from the music industry. "The Bold and the Beautiful" is going to end soon. Madonna is going to open her own casino. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood film.

a) shoot a civil war epic about Abraham Lincoln

b) close its 700 stores this year

c) do another commercial

d) release a new album

e) introduce a new custom-built luxury vehicle

f) face another trial

g) give a world tour

h) grow in popularity

i) complement traditional education

j) be made in to a movie

1.19 Be Going To i Future Simple

50 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Simple bądź zastosuj zwrot be going to

Klucz

1. A: Where are you going on your honeymoon?

B: I don't know yet. Maybe we ............ (go) to India.

2. Watch out! You ............ (run) into that car.

3. Be careful! You ............ (spill) coffee on the carpet.

4. I ............ (be) a pianist when I grow up.

5. A: Why are you wearing the shoes at home?

B: I ............ (stretch) them.

6. A: I've left my pencil at home.

B: Don't worry. I ............ (lend) you mine.

7. Quick. We ............ (be) late!

8. I've made up my mind. I ............ (apply) to the University of Florida.

9. My head hurts. I'm coughing. I ............ (be) ill.

10. A: I think the company should launch a new PR campaign.

B: That's a good idea. I ............ (raise) it at the next meeting.

11. A: I've got an awful sore throat.

B: Oh, dear. I ............ (bring) you an aspirin.

12. A: Your hair needs a cut.

B: Oh really? I ............ (go) to the hairdresser's then.

13. A: Where are you going?

B: Home.

A: I ............ (give) you a ride.

1.20 Future Continuous

Future Continuous jest stosowany do wyrażenia przyszłych czynności lub sytuacji, które będą trwały w określonym momencie w przyszłości bądź do wyrażania wydarzeń, które nastąpią w przyszłości zgodne z ustaloną koleją rzeczy.

Jak wszystkie inne formy czasu przyszłego, Future Continuous nie może być użyty w zdaniach zaczynających się od wyrazów: when, while, after, before, by the time, if, unless, provided.

Czas ten również stosujemy, jeśli chcemy prosić o przysługę. Używając go, unikamy podejrzeń, że chcemy wpłynąć na zamiary osoby, do której jest kierowane zapytanie. Pamiętaj, jeśli chcesz dowiedzieć się o czyjeś zamierzenia na przyszłość, unikaj czasu Future Simple. Użycie tego czasu sugerowałoby, że skłaniamy kogoś do pewnej czynności. Użyj czasu Future Continuous, by dać do zrozumienia, że chcesz obiektywnie zapytać o czyjeś plany.

51 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

1. You ............ (prepare) any food for that occasion?

2. I ............ (check) in on 23 September.

3. Tim ............ (discuss) this issue with the chairman next week.

4. Tomorrow this time we ............ (lie) on the beach.

5. Don't call me at 6. I ............ (work) out in the gym.

6. I ............ (drive) to Berlin on Saturday.

7. You ............ (use) this typewriter?

8. This time next week Amy ............ (sit) by the pool.

9. What time you ............ (come) home?

10. Good luck. We ............ (keep) our fingers crossed for you.

52 Utwórz zdania w czasie Future Continuous wykorzystując wrażenia 1-7 z kolumny A i do każdego z nich dobierz odpowiednie zdanie z kolumny B.

Klucz

A

1 Tom/fly

2 I/wait for you

3 Peggy/watch

4 Jane/study

5 My parents/celebrate

6 Bob/tidy

7 Kate/ski

 

B

a his room before his friend come round.

b their 50 anniversary in a few days.

c at the airport.

d TV all day tomorrow.

e in Austria for a week.

f in the library tonight.

g over the Atlantic on Monday.

1.21 Future Continuous i Future Simple

53 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous albo Future Simple, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

A: Is it Tuesday tomorrow?

B: Yes, why?

A: Oh, I dislike Tuesdays. It is the worst day of the week for me.

B: Most people dislike Mondays. They have to wake up early after a 2-day break. Could you explain why tomorrow is going to be dreadful?

A: Because, as usual, I 1............ (attend) a meeting of the Board, which is as boring as hell. I 2............ (report) what our unit is doing and 3............ (answer) questions afterwards. Just a complete waste of time.

B: Poor you. When you are in a meeting, I 4............ (get) out of town. My days off start tomorrow.

A: That's great! A few days off work 5............ (do) you good.

B: I hope so. This 6............ (be) my first holiday in four years.

A: So, while I'm discussing routine issues, you 7............ (relax) and 8............ (have) fun. That is not really fair.

B: But your days off 9............ (be) here in no time. Next Sunday when I'm dealing with millions of documents, you 10............ (have) a great time with your family.

A: True. I wish it were Sunday. By the way, you 11............ (drive) to the centre?

B: Yeah, do you want a lift?

A: Oh yes, please. I'm picking up my sister from the station. She 12............ (arrive) in half an hour.

1.22 Future Continuous, Future Simple i Be Going To

54 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w Future Continuous, Future Simple albo zastosuj zwrot be going to, dokonując zmian w strukturze zdania, o ile trzeba.

Klucz

1. You ............(come) home? I just want to know.

2. When you arrive, I ............ (wait) for you.

3. Take the umbrella. It ............ (rain).

4. What would you like to drink? I ............ (have) green tea, please.

5. It's so hot in here. I ............ (faint).

6. You ............ (come) to my office at once?

7. You ............ (have) some more cake?

8. This time next week, we ............ (admire) the beauty of Dresden.

9. Tonight at 7 p.m., they ............ (give) a press conference.

10. Good luck. We ............ (be) in touch.

11. Good luck. We ............ (cheer) on you.

12. Dennis, you ............ (do) me a favour?

13. What do you need it for? I ............ (drill) a hole.

14. Do you have any plans for the long weekend?

Yes, we ............ (visit) our friends in Sweden.

15. In the afternoon I ............ (study) for my finals.

1.23 Future Perfect

Czas Future Perfect jest używany, by stwierdzić, że dana czynność będzie zakończona przed inną czynnością w przyszłości (bądź w pewnym momencie w przyszłości), a także że w pewnym momencie w przyszłości dany stan będzie trwał i to z zaznaczeniem od jak dawna.

Należy pamiętać, że używając czasu Future Perfect, mówimy o czynności dokonanej.

55 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect.

Klucz

1. By the time I complete my degree, I ............ (learn) two foreign languages.

2. Tom ............ (recover) by then.

3. I ............ (not learn) my lines until tomorrow.

4. Tony ............ (live) in Morocco for a decade by 2007.

5. We ............ (know) each other for two years next May.

6. By dinner time Rob ............ (finish) packing.

7. Mr Taylor ............ (pay) off his debts by the time he takes out a new loan.

8. Sue ............ (peel) all potatoes in two hours' time.

9. The plane ............ (land) by 7.

10. Paul ............ (finish) his apprenticeship by the end of the month.

11. I ............ (repair) the tap by 4 p.m.

12. Next year we ............ (be) married for seven years.

56 Napisz w czasie Future Perfect zaprzeczenie prognoz wyrażonych w poniższych zdaniach według wzoru.

Klucz

The world's population will have doubled by 2015. No, the world's population won't have doubled until 2060.

1. People will have constructed flying cars by 2050.

2. Scientists will have discovered a cure for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by 2015.

3. People will have conquered the solar system by 2050.

4. The Earth's temperature will have risen by 8°C by the end of this decade.

5. The European Union will have accepted Turkey by 2014.

6. Warsaw will have had five underground lines built by 2020.

7. The polar ice cap will have melted by the end of the century.

8. Two-thirds of the world's plant species will have disappeared by 2020.

1.24 Future Perfect Continuous

Czasem Future Perfect Continuous posługujemy się, by podkreślić, że dany stan lub czynność będzie trwać przez pewien określony czas w pewnym momencie w przyszłości.

57 Rozbuduj zdania 1-5 wyrażeniami zawartymi w nawiasach. Wszystkie zdania uzupełniające sformułuj w czasie Future Perfect Continuous, aby poinformować, co będzie przyczyną sytuacji, której się spodziewamy w przyszłości.

Klucz

1. Nick will be exhausted when he gets home. (drive all day)

2. My French will be excellent when I return to Poland. (study French for three years)

3. Sue will feel much better when she leaves hospital. (recover for two weeks)

4. Philip will be relaxed when he comes back from holiday. (rejuvenate in Davos for over a month)

5. The soldier will be very sleepy when he returns to camp. (stand guard all night)

1.25 Future Perfect Continuous i Future Perfect

58 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect Continuous lub Future Perfect.

Klucz

Doctor: What is troubling you?

Patient: Nothing at all. It is just that ... There is so much going on. My wife says that I work too hard. But there is so much competition nowadays that you must stay on top of everything to succeed . If I keep working to the best of my ability, I 1............ (receive) my promotion by December.

M: I see. Do you work overtime?

P: Oh yes, regularly. I am an assistant to an attorney, so I must work hard to make

sure everything is running and up to date.

M: How long have you been with the firm?

P: Next week, I 2............ (be) with the firm for five years.

M: Do you have a guilty conscience as to the amount you work?

P: No. Why should I? I work hard because I have to. Many of my colleagues can't

do what I do.

M: And do you happen to work through days and nights consecutively?

P: Yes, but only if my boss demands a greater effort. Now, for example, I am preparing a very important contract. By the end of July I 3............ (work) on it for two months.

M: I see.

P: And by the time I finish it, I 4............ (perfect) my legal skills.

M: Do you have any interests apart from your job?

P: Well, my job leaves no time for anything else. Doctor, is there anything wrong with that?

59 Czasowniki podane w nawiasach wstaw w czasie Future Perfect Continuous lub Future Perfect .

Klucz

He ............ (serve) a two-year sentence for theft by then. Next semester Chris ............ (study) law for two years. By then, David ............ (wait) for almost two years for a visa. Vince ............ (repair) the roof for a few hours when Lynn gets home. By the end of this year, he ............ (be) replaced by a younger actor. Peter ............ (be) in the army for 20 years by the end of next month. If everything goes well, I ............ (write) my doctoral thesis in May. By 2007 we ............ (live) in Nashville for 10 years. I read thirty pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I ............ (read) the book by Monday. I will be back in shape when I return home from holiday. I ............ (jog) for two months.

1.26 Różne formy czasu przyszłego

60 Używając słowa wydrukowanego zielonym kolorem, ułóż drugie zdanie o podobnym znaczeniu co pierwsze. Zastosuj różne formy czasu przyszłego.

Klucz

1. What do you want me to get you for dinner? shall What........................ for dinner?

2. I have arranged to meet Simon tomorrow evening. am I .................................... tomorrow evening.

3. Mrs Collette joined the company nearly a month ago, at the end of January. been Mrs Collette .................................... by the end of February.

4. The baby is due in May. is She.................................... baby in May.

5. We have decided to get married next summer. are We.................................... next summer.

6. I won't manage to write the report by 9 o'clock. have I .................................... until 9 o'clock.

7. She has this annoying habit of wearing miniskirts, which drives me mad. wear She .................................... , which drives me mad.

8. He refuses to eat fresh vegetables. not He .................................... fresh vegetables.

9. Where are you planning to stay? be Where .................................... staying?

10. The president is likely to stop the seal hunt. possibly The president.................................... the seal hunt.

Quiz

Rozwiąż quiz. Wybierz prawidłową odpowiedź i przejdź do następnego pytania

1 Przyszłość w języku angielskim można określać przy pomocy czasów teraźniejszych.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 2. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 4.

2 Dobrze. Idź do 3.

3 Zwrot be about to sugeruje niepewną przyszłość.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 7. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 5.

4 Źle. Czasy teraźniejsze: Present Simple i Present Continuous służą również do oddawania

przyszłości. Wróć do 1.

5 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 6.

6 Shall i will wyrażają przyszłość bez zabarwienia emocjonalnego.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 8. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 10.

7 Zła odpowiedź. Zwrot be about to sugeruje najbliższą przyszłość. Wróć do 3.

8 Dobrze. Czasowniki shall i will wyrażają informację pozbawioną osobistej interpretacji. Idź do 9.

9 Will różnicuje znaczenie czasownika głównego.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 11. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 13.

10 Źle. Wróć do 6.

11 Dobrze. Idź do 12.

12 Will odnosi się do najbliższej przyszłości.

a) Tak

b) Nie

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 16. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 14.

13 Źle. Will nadaje czasownikowi głównemu rozmaite zabarwienia (obietnica, determinacja, groźba, itp.). Wróć do 9.

14 Dobra odpowiedź. Idź do 15.

15 Co wyraża zdanie: "Mary is going to cry"?

a) intencję Marii

b) przeświadczenie mówiącego

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 19. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 17.

16 Zła odpowiedź. Will nie odnosi się do żadnego konkretnego czasu. Wróć do 12.

17 Dobrze. Idź do 18.

18 Które zdanie brzmi lepiej?

a) I am going to go to a bowling alley.

b) I am going to a bowling alley.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 22. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 20.

19 Źle. Zdanie to nie wyraża intencji, lecz nasze przeświadczenie wynikające z zaobserwowanych oznak. Wróć do 15.

20 Dobrze. Idź do 21.

21 Które zdanie mówi o tym, że Franek zwykle pracuje w niedziele?

a) Frank will work on Sunday.

b) Frank will be working on Sunday.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 25. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 23.

22 Źle. Czasowników to go i to come raczej nie powinno się używać w konstrukcji z be going to. Wróć do 18.

23 Dobrze. Idź do 24.

24 Którego czasu użyjemy, by powiedzieć, że do pewnego momentu w przyszłości dana czynność zostanie wykonana?

a) Future Perfect

b) Future Continuous

c) Future Perfect Continuous

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 26. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 28. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź c, idź do 29.

25 Źle. To zdanie wyraża przewidywanie. To czas Future Continuous informuje, że czynność będzie zgodna z ustaloną koleją rzeczy. Wróć do 21.

26 Dobrze. Idź do 27.

27 Które zdanie informuje, że Bill jest na najlepszej drodze do zdobycia złotego medalu?

a) Bill will win a gold medal.

b) Bill is going to win a gold medal.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 32. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 30.

28 Źle. Future Continuous informuje, że czynność będzie trwać w pewnym momencie w przyszłości, albo że będzie się odbywać zgodnie z ustaloną koleją rzeczy. Wróć do 24.

29 Źle. Future Perfect Continuous informuje, że dana czynność będzie trwać już od jakiegoś czasu w pewnym momencie w przyszłości. Wróć do 24.

30 Dobrze. Idź do 31.

31 Które zdanie oznacza spontaniczną decyzję?

a) I will buy this wardrobe.

b) He will buy this wardrobe.

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 33. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 35.

32 Źle. To zdanie jest czystym przypuszczeniem. To zwrot be going to wyraża przewidywanie na temat przyszłości oparte na realnych przesłankach. Wróć do 27.

33 Dobrze. Idź do 34.

34 Które zdanie sugeruje, że chcę pożyczyć drukarkę?

a) Will you be using your printer today?

b) Will you use your printer, please?

Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź a, idź do 36. Jeśli wybrałeś odpowiedź b, idź do 37.

35 Źle. To zdanie wyraża przewidywanie, a nie spontaniczną decyzję. Wróć do 31.

36 Dobrze. Idź do 38.

37 Źle. Forma will użyta w pytaniach wyraża prośbę lub polecenie (a także zaproszenie do zrobienia czegoś, np. "Will you join me for a drink?"). Future Continuous stosujemy pytając bez chęci ingerowania w czyjeś zamiary. W praktyce takie pytania zwykle stanowią wstęp do prośby o przysługę. Wróć do 34.

38 Gratulacje! To koniec quizu.

Test podsumowujący

61 Z podanych odpowiedzi wybierz właściwą, zakreślając odpowiedź a, b lub c.

Klucz

Sue............ her coffee white.a) is liking b) likes c) was liking I ............ to London many times before.a) was b) have been c) had been What ...................... ? I am a chemist.a) do you do b) are you doing c) are you Lynn ................... It is so annoying!a) always complains b) complained c) is always complaining I promise I .................. tell anyone.a) won't b) don't c) won't have This time next week we ........................ in the warm Caribbean sun.a) will be basking b) are basking c) will have been basking Tom ........................ paella before he went to Spain.a) didn't eat b) hasn't eaten c) hadn't eaten Greg was very tired. He ........................ snow all day.a) was shovelling b) had been shovelling c) has been shovelling I ..................my Internet connection while I ..................a reservation.a) lost, was making b) was losing, was making c) was losing, made The band ........................for a few weeks before they set out on the tour. a) have been rehearsing b) had been rehearsing c) was rehearsing We ........................ for you since the morning. a) are waiting b) have been waiting c) wait I .................. well recently. a) haven't been doing b) am not doing c) wasn't doing Joel ........................ a solution yet. a) didn't find b) found c) hasn't found He .............. the gate between 3 and 4. a) repaired b) has repaired c) was repairing My train .................. at 5 o'clock. a) leaves b) is leaving c) will leave If only I .................. him seriously! a) took b) have taken c) had taken When I was a child I .................. in Kentucky. a) have lived b) lived c) had lived We .................. married in August. All's been fixed. a) will get b) get married c) are getting married By February I .................... off the mortgage. a) will have paid b) will pay c) am paying I .................... my home town last week. a) have visited b) visited c) had visited Beth is tired. She .......................... all day. a) was working b) workedc ) has been working It ............................ .... all day. a) rains b) is raining c) has been raining I ............ Helen since our school days. a) know b) have known c) have been knowing Mary was very disappointed because she .............................. tickets for the concert. a) hadn't bought b) didn't buy c) hasn't bought Warsaw .................... dramatically since I last saw it. a) changed b) had changed c) has changed Lord! We .................... crash! a) will b) are going to c) shall ........ you ........ me the sugar, please? a) are, passing b) will, be passing c) will, pass

10 KLUCZ

Czasy

1

Powrót

1. works

2. does not

3. read

4. keeps

5. wake, goes

6. charges

7. reads

8. likes

9. does not know

10. makes

11. do not migrate

12. takes

13. eat

14. gives

15. collects

2

Powrót

1. I don't experiment with my recipes.

2. He doesn't deliver newspapers to earn some extra money.

3. They don't eat vegetables and drink milk.

4. My grandmother doesn't knit sweaters for us.

5. My sister doesn't listen to all sorts of music.

6. We don't eat three meals a day.

7. My boss doesn't smoke Cuban cigars.

8. She doesn't wear funny round glasses.

9. My garden doesn't overlook a mag nificent waterfall.

10. I don't take sugar in my coffee.

11. My neighbours don't gossip about everyone they know.

12. We don't cater to birthday parties and wedding receptions.

13. They never fight over anything.

14. My friends don't throw parties to please themselves.

15. I don't get angry when people talk behind my back.

3

Powrót

1. What do you usually drink for lunch?

2. What does she never do before she comes over?

3. What does your boss often do while talking?

4. What do you read to send yourself to sleep?

5. What do you seldom do these days?

6. How often do you study English?

7. How does he always spread butter on his bread?

8. Where do they live?

9. What do polar bears eat?

10. What does your brother want to become?

4

Powrót

1. always

2. usually

3. often/frequently

4. sometimes

5. occasionally/sporadically

6. rarely/seldom/hardly ever

7. never

8. once a day

9. ever

10. every second year

5

Powrót

1. select

2. open

3. put in

4. makes

5. insert

6. wait

7. switch off

8. take out

9. comes

6

Powrót

1. When are you leaving?

2. What is she trying to do?

3. Why are you wearing this suit?

4. Are you doing anything tomorrow evening?

5. Whom are you seeing tonight?

6. Where are you hurrying to at this hour?

7. Why are you doing this to me?

8. What is he getting at?

9. What is she waiting for?

10. How is he doing as a father?

7

Powrót

1. My parents aren't buying new fur niture for their house.

2. I'm not thinking about leaving my job.

3. We aren't planning to move to the suburbs.

4. She isn't reading her old diary.

5. Liz isn't dying her hair green and pink.

6. He isn't cutting a piece of bread.

7. The workers aren't striking over unfair labour practices.

8. We aren't redecorating our guest rooms.

9. The cat isn't licking its paws.

10. My neighbour isn't drilling holes in the wall.

8

Powrót

1. am having

2. are attending vegetarian food fairs

3. am seeing an important customer

4. am having lunch with a sales manager

5. am attending a conference on food safety

6. am moving out to a new house

7. am taking a business trip to Poland

9

Powrót

1. To whom is she reading a bedtime story?

2. What are you drinking?

3. What is the child doing?

4. What is the teacher explaining?

5. What are you shopping for?

6. Who is cleaning the bird cage?

7. When is Matthew sailing for Barbuda?

8. What is Andy translating?

9. How is she whisking the eggs?

10. Where are they basking?

10

Powrót

1. e 4. d 7. g

2. c 5. a

3. f 6. b

11

Powrót

1. 'm heading

2. 'm talking

3. 'm having

4. 'm sitting

5. What are the police doing?

6. What is going on?

7. are honking

8. cutting

9. Is the traffic clearing?

10. is just getting

12

Powrót

1. d

2. i

3. h

4. a

5. j

6. g

7. f

8. e

9. b

10. c

13

Powrót

1. am just watching

2. is having

3. is throwing, is always partying

4. is getting, improves

5. Are you going away, are going

6. uses, comes

7. is baking

8. is it going, am getting tired

9. does he do

10. does, do

14

Powrót

1. The Smiths sold their house and moved to Vancouver.

2. I went to bed, but I didn't sleep a wink.

3. Philip studied law at Glasgow University. 

4. How did you make your first million?

5. Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809.

6. My brother set up in business as a confectioner.

7. Martin sued the newspaper for libel and he won.

8. When did you last see him?

9. Amy joined the company in 2001.

10. I wanted to be an astronaut when  I was a child.

15

Powrót

1. looked, saw

2. fell, broke

3. called

4. paid, owed

5. bit, heard

6. left

7. received

8. grew

9. took

10. picked, listened, ran

11. parked, got, approached

12. sat, read

13. took, wiped

14. dropped

15. called

16

Powrót

1. How did your exams go?

2. What did the child eat?

3. Where did they arrive early?

4. Who(m) did the police arrest?

5. Where did Mr Olive study economics?

6. When did the Prime Minister open the industrial park?

7. How do they do financially?

8. How many times did the phone ring before you picked it up?

9. Who made a terrible mistake?

10. Why did he lose the game?

17

Powrót

1. was

2. belonged

3. thought

4. what did you do

5. learnt

6. defended

7. protested

8. did

9. said

10. was

18

Powrót

1. What was the actress rehearsing?

2. What did Martha hear while she  was locking the door?

3. What was Tom doing when a man came up to the table?

4. What was David repairing all afternoon?

5. Where were the children playing?

6. What was Ann trying to remove?

7. Where was it raining all night?

8. Who was pitching the tent in the yard?

9. Who were the fans cheering on?

10. Who/what was swimming in the pool?

19

Powrót

1. While the kettle was boiling, she was taking out/took out a cup from the cupboard.

2. The postman arrived while we were packing for a trip to Florida.

3. I was making the bed when I heard a cat meowing.

4. She met her future husband while she was staying in Helsinki.

5. Tim was chatting online while the child was playing with a toy.

6. Alice cut her finger while she was chopping a carrot.

7. A doctor was examining me when a patient came in.

8. I ran into a friend of mine while  I was shopping at Safeway.

9. Dorothy saw a car accident while she was queuing at the Main Post  Office.

10. Jack heard a police siren while he was going to bed.

11. It was raining when we left the restaurant.

12. What were you doing on 2  September?

20

Powrót

1. was parking, stopped

2. broke, was bird watching

3. were demonstrating, was opening

4. rang, was reading

5. sprained, was getting

6. was whistling, was trimming

7. were searching, found

8. arrived, were putting

9. burned, was poking

10. was browsing, went

21

Powrót

1. was

2. was shining

3. were singing

4. were running

5. took

6. went

7. were walking

8. jumped

9. began

10. saw

22

Powrót

1. While/When

2. when

3. when

4. when

5. While/When

6. when

7. when

8. when

9. when

10. While/When

11. started

12. were walking

13. was holding

14. broke

15. started

16. gained

17. caught

18. didn't know

19. sniffed

20. let

23

Powrót

1. Aunt Clarissa didn't burst into my room while I was napping. She tiptoed into my room.

2. Kim wasn't eating strawberries when Jim came home. She was washing strawberries.

3. I wasn't putting on my running shoes when the lace broke. I was taking them off.

4. Brandon wasn't running up the stairs when his keys fell out of his pocket. He was running down the stairs.

5. We weren't watching a match when  the lights went off. We were watching a film.

6. The secretary wasn't filling out any papers when Chris walked into the office. She was eating a cake.

7. Beth wasn't peeling potatoes when she heard her husband opening the front door. She was mashing them.

24

Powrót

1. has never travelled

2. have never seen

3. have lost

4. have been

5. Have you seen

6. Where have you been?

7. has just left

8. have you tried

9. have you done

10. has lost

11. Has there ever been

12. have met

25

Powrót

1. We haven't heard from you for ages.

2. How long have you been married?

3. Sue hasn't learnt (how) to drive a car.

4. I still haven't made up my mind what I want to be when I grow up.

5. I have never studied abroad.

6. The art gallery has had this paint ing for two years.

7. Nick has lived in Boston since his  childhood.

8. Bob hasn't awoken yet.

26

Powrót

1. since 6. since

2. for 7. since 

3. since 8. for

4. since 9. for

5. for 10. since

27

Powrót

1. I haven't smoked since May.

2. I haven't lost my temper since last week.

3. We haven't talked to each other for over a year.

4. He hasn't played a match since 2005.

5. We haven't travelled across Europe since last summer.

6. I haven't used Windows for a month.

7. Grace has been a business unit manager since 2002.

8. We haven't been to Madrid since 1990.

28

Powrót

1. have returned

2. had

3. have travelled

4. have been

5. arrived

6. left

7. felt

8. had

9. was

10. was

11. I have ever  had

29

Powrót

1. a 2. a

3. b 5. a

4. a

30

Powrót

1. has just released

2. won

3. were

4. has taught

5. has never voted

6. didn't drink

7. lived

8. have worked

9. defeated

10. Whom did Shakespeare marry?

11. parked, got out, locked

12. haven't written

13. loved, lived

14. left

15. hasn't been, got

31

Powrót

1. j

2. f

3. d

4. h

5. a

6. i

7. g

8. b

9. c

10. e

32

Powrót

1. d

2. e

3. i

4. e

5. a

6. g

7. j

8. c

9. b

10. h

33

Powrót

1. have done

2. has been thundering and raining

3. has been horse riding

4. has been drinking

5. have you been

6. has been jogging

7. have cooked

8. has been seeing

9. have known

10. have learnt

11. have been complaining

12. have had

13. has been feeling

14. has been standing

15. has been losing

34

Powrót

1. I have been weeding the garden since 10 o'clock.

2. Helen has been dancing profession ally since 1997.

3. We have had a new coffee machine for two months.

4. Roger has been shopping for over two hours.

5. Lynn has been reading the book since noon.

35

Powrót

1. Has Sue arrived

2. Have you been working

3. has bought

4. has lost

5. has been using

6. has been analysing

7. have called

8. have talked

9. has been trying

10. have been seeing

36

Powrót

1. I had finished cleaning the house by the time my parents came home.

2. The dentist (had) drilled my tooth before he filled it.

3. After I (had) visited Sydney and  Canberra, I moved to Australia with my family.

4. I hadn't seen a waterfall before  I visited Zambia.

5. Peggy was confused because she hadn't understood/didn't under stand what I was asking for.

6. As soon as the foreman (had) left the site, the workers went to a canteen.

7. When the children had done/did their maths, they went out to play.

37

Powrót

1. I had never been to an auction before.

2. Robert had wanted to study history,

3. When Lucy got a phone call, she had already watered the houseplant.

4. By the time I turned fifteen,  I had read most of the classic horror novels.

5. I had never wanted to come back to  Europe before.

6. Paul didn't join the Labour Party until he had graduated from Oxford.

7. When the alarm clock went off,  I had washed my hair.

8. The plane had taken off by the time  Garry arrived at the airport.

38

Powrót

1. became, realised, had only been

2. had never drunk, went

3. had had, was

4. knew, had visited

5. didn't remember, had left

6. answered, (had) lied

7. had been/were fired, did you do

8. (had) worked, got

9. ended, posed

10. was, had made

11. had met

12. had lived

13. opened, saw, had eaten

14. had hoped, failed

15. had talked

39

Powrót

1. ... because I had been studying very hard.

2. ... because she had been cleaning all but his parents talked him out of it. morning.

3. ... because she had been lying in the sun too long.

4. ... because he had been driving all day long.

5. ... because he had been drinking the whole evening.

6. ... because she had been crying the whole night.

7. ... because he had been jogging.

8. ... because it had been snowing heavily all night.

9. ... because I had been swimming for half an hour.

10. ... because he had been repairing his car.

11. ... because she had been painting the flat.

12. ... because she had been working hard.

13. ... because we had been laughing out loud.

14. ... because he had been making private phone calls.

15. ... because he had been eating too much junk food.

40.

Powrót

a)

1. ... had been drinking and eating noisily ...

2. ... had been dancing wildly ...

3. ... had been playing music at full volume ...

4. ... had been shouting ...

5. ... had been fighting ...

b)

1. ... had been patrolling the area ...

2. ... had been issuing parking tickets ...

3. ... had been watching out for drunk drivers ...

4. ... had been picking up truants ...

5. ... had been monitoring traffic ...

41

Powrót

1. had been snowing, left

2. had been working, was laid

3. had been investigating, went

4. had been living

5. had been waiting

6. had been raining

7. had been repairing

8. had been lecturing, moved

9. went, had been feeling

10. put, had been eating

42

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. I will explain it to you.

2. I will help you to carry it/lend you a hand.

3. I will close the window/turn up the heater.

4. I will get you an aspirin.

5. I will give you a lift.

6. I will take it out.

7. I will take him for a walk.

8. I will get you a coffee.

9. I will buy some.

10. I will tidy it.

11. I will repair/fix it.

12. I will go and pick them up/collect them.

13. I will mow/cut it.

43

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. I will eat only healthy food.

2. I will learn (how) to set it.

3. I will start dieting.

4. I will quit smoking.

5. I will get out of debt/I'll make it back in the black.

6. I will enrol on a language course.

7. I will enjoy my life more.

8. I will become more assertive.

9. I will plan my expenses carefully.

10. I will stay in more often and read books.

44

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. No, it won't. It will stop growing by the end of the 21st century.

2. No, they won't. People will travel to the moon.

3. No, it won't. Distance learning will support traditional methods of education.

4. No, they won't. Cars will run on sugar cane.

5. No, they won't. People will live in smaller houses.

6. No, they won't. People will eat convenience food.

7. No, they won't. People will use biomass to produce energy.

8. No, it won't. Warsaw will have two airports.

9. No, they won't. People will have shorter careers.

10. No, it won't. The Arctic will be come warmer.

45

Powrót

1. Will you stop fidgeting!

2. Jim won't go to a doctor.

3. When shall I arrive?

4. The director will see you now.

5. Shall we go out tonight?

6. All payments shall be made no later than May 31.

7. I will call you tomorrow.

46

Powrót

1. If you don't turn the volume down,

I will call the police.

2. If you don't keep to the hours of work, I will fire you.

3. If you aren't quiet, I will punish you.

4. If you don't give me a pay rise,

I will quit.

5. If you don't improve your grades,

I will deduct one pound each day from your pocket money.

6. If you don't give me a refund,

I will sue you.

7. If you don't pick up your room,

I will throw away everything that

I find on the floor.

8. If you don't clean up the table,

I won't allow you to eat with us.

9. If you don't tell the whole truth,

I will lock you in your room until you confess.

10. If you don't stop harassing me,

I will report you.

47

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. It's going to be a beautiful day.

2. The ladder is going to collapse.

3. Simon is going to drink wine.

4. The cyclist is going to win.

5. He's going to become president.

6. I'm going to be late.

7. He's going to fail the exam.

8. Katy is going to get sunburnt.

9. It's going to crash.

10. He's going to get drunk.

48

Powrót

1. What are you going to tell me?

2. What is she going to do?

3. What is she going to eat from now on?

4. What isn't he going to say?

5. Who is going to get married?

6. When is he going to settle down?

7. When are we going to get there?

8. What are his parents going to do in the near future?

9. Where is she going to open her office?

10. How is she going to spend the day?

49

Powrót

1. Starbucks is going to change its logo.

No, it is not. It is going to close its

700 stores this year.

2. E-learning is going to replace tradi tional education.

No, it is not. It is going to comple ment traditional education.

3. David Beckham is going to play in a film.

No, he is not. He's going to do an other commercial.

4. Mike Tyson is going to move to  India.

No, he is not. He's going to face another trial.

5. Maybach is going to launch a small family car.

No, it is not. It's going to introduce a new custom-built luxury vehicle.

6. Women ski jumping is going to be come a Winter Olympic Games sport.

No, it is not. It's going to grow in popularity, though.

7. Britney Spears is going to take some time off from the music industry.

No, she is not. She's going to give a world tour.

8. "The Bold and the Beautiful" is going to end soon.

No, it is not. It's going to be made into a movie.

9. Madonna is going to open her own casino.

No, she is not. She's going to release a new album.

10. Steven Spielberg is going to make a Bollywood film.

No, he is not. He's going to shoot a civ il war epic about Abraham Lincoln.

50

Powrót

1. will go

2. are going to run

3. are going to spill

4. am going to be

5. am going to stretch

6. will lend

7. are going to be

8. am going to apply

9. am going to be

10. will raise

11. will bring

12. will go

13. will give

51

Powrót

1. Will you be preparing

2. will be checking

3. will be discussing

4. will be lying

5. will be working

6. will be driving

7. Will you be using

8. will be sitting

9. will you be coming

10. will be keeping

52

Powrót

1. g 2. c 3. d 4. f 5. b 6. a 7. e

53

Powrót

1. will be attending

2. will be reporting

3. (will be) answering

4. will be getting

5. will do

6. will be

7. will be relaxing

8. (will be) having fun

9. will be

10. will be having

11. will you be driving

12. will be arriving

54

Powrót

1. Will you be coming

2. will be waiting

3. is going to rain

4. will have

5. am going to faint

6. Will you come

7. Will you have

8. will be admiring

9. will be giving

10. will be

11. will be cheering

12. will you do

13. am going to drill

14. are going to visit

15. will be studying

55

Powrót

1. will have learnt

2. will have recovered

3. won't have learnt

4. will have lived

5. will have known

6. will have finished

7. will have paid

8. will have peeled

9. will have landed

10. will have finished

11. will have repaired

12. will have been

56

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. No, they won't have constructed fly ing cars until the end of the twenty second century.

2. No, scientists won't have discovered a cure for Alzheimer's and Parkin son's until 2020.

3. No, people won't have conquered the solar system until 3000.

4. No, the Earth's temperature won't have risen by 8°C until the end of the century.

5. No, the European Union won't have accepted Turkey until 2020.

6. No, Warsaw won't have had five underground lines built until 2040.

7. No, the polar ice cap won't have melted until 2200.

8. No, two-thirds of the world's plant spe cies won't have disappeared until 2100.

57

Powrót

1. He will have been driving all day.

2. I will have been studying French for three years.

3. She will have been recovering for two weeks.

4. He will have been rejuvenating in  Davos for over a month.

5. He will have been standing guard all night.

58

Powrót

1. will have received

2. will have been

3. will have been working

4. will have perfected

59

Powrót

1. will have served

2. will have been studying

3. will have been waiting

4. will have been repairing

5. will have been

6. will have been

7. will have written

8. will have been living

9. will have read

10. will have been jogging

60

Powrót

1. What shall I get you for dinner?

2. I'm meeting Simon tomorrow.

3. Mrs Colette will have been working in the company for a month by the end of February.

4. She is going to have a baby in May.

5. We are getting married next summer.

6. I won't have written the report until  9 o'clock.

7. She will wear miniskirts, which drives me mad.

8. He will not eat vegetables.

9. Where will you be staying?

10. The president will possibly stop the seal hunt.

61

Powrót

1. b 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. a

10. b

11. b

12. a

13. c

14. c

15. a

16. c

17. b

18. c

19. a

20. b

21. c

22. c

23. b

24. a

25. c

26. b

27. c

Mowa zależna i niezależna

1

Powrót

1. "Who's calling, please?" he asked.

2. "I'm not a child!" she exclaimed.

3. "Shh, not so loud," she whispered.

4. "My left shoulder hurts terribly," he complained.

5. "Go away!" she exclaimed.

6. "I will get you out of this," he promised.

7. "Yes, I cheated in the exam," she admitted.

8. "I didn't say that," he denied.

9. "They will get here in time," he as sured me.

10. "Green tea cools the body," she explained.

2

Powrót

1. He reminded me that it was her birthday.

2. She replied that she hadn't heard anything.

3. He assured me that it would be easy.

4. The desk clerk informed me that there were no rooms.

5. He admitted that he offended them.

6. The teacher explained that/to us that Islam doesn't allow extramarital relationships.

7. Zdanie poprawne

8. Zdanie poprawne

9. Zdanie poprawne

10. Zdanie poprawne

3

Powrót

1. h

2. e

3. c

4. g

5. b

6. d

7. f

8. a

4

Powrót

1. She said that it was a gorgeous room.

2. Beth said that I spoke English very well.

3. Alice said that she hadn't talked to him yet.

4. Bob said that it looked frightening.

5. Jim said that she was a very tal ented lawyer.

6. Philip said that he was not trying to offend anyone.

7. Amy said that she was a babysitter.

8. He said that he would try the fol lowing day.

9. She said that she would wash the dishes.

10. Tom said that he wouldn't repeat the mistake.

11. Tim said that she was very kind.

12. Mark said that it hadn't happened like that.

13. Katy said that she would do what ever it takes.

14. Grace said that she wouldn't say a word.

15. Greg said that he had been trying to call me.

5

Powrót

1. She said that she loves mountains/ that she loved mountains.

2. She said that he is always late/was always late.

3. He said that he has never heard about it/had never heard about it.

4. She said that she hates Mondays/ hated Mondays.

5. He said that she is getting better/ was getting better.

6. She said that it will cost me a for tune/would cost me a fortune.

7. She said that he is always blaming her for things she didn't do/was always blaming her for things she hadn't done.

8. He said that he is sick and tired of it/was sick and tired of it.

9. She said that he won't be missed/ wouldn't be missed.

10. He said that she doesn't want to be an accountant/didn't want to be an accountant.

11. She said that her son doesn't believe in Santa Claus/ didn't believe in Santa Claus.

12. He said that Beth never gets angry about anything/never got angry about anything.

13. She said that Mrs Right often borrows things from them/often borrowed things from them.

14. He said that his sister is a very reasonable girl/was a very reason able girl.

15. She said that they live in Twin  Oaks/lived in Twin Oaks.

6

Powrót

1. She said that I must be over 21 to hire a car.

2. He said that she must be seeing things.

3. She said that he must be mad.

4. He advised me to think twice/He said that I ought to think twice.

5. She said that he couldn't find com mon ground with some people/She said he hadn't been able to find common ground with some people.

6. He said that she could wear whatever she wanted/He said that she was al lowed to wear whatever she wanted.

7. She said that I mustn't let anyone use it.

8. He said that he would like to see me again.

9. She said that I needn't/didn't need/ didn't have to go to all that trouble.

10. He said that she used to work as a housekeeper.

11. She said that he should be indicted.

12. He advised/urged/encouraged me to quit smoking.

13. She asked me to clean the house.

14. He said that she must/had to talk to me.

15. She said that she might succeed in convincing him.

7

Powrót

1. (that) the prescription expired the day before.

2. (that) you should call the doctor to renew it.

3. (that) he had noticed my hard work.

4. (that) I would find something extra in my paycheck.

5. (that) he would rather get married in Vegas.

6. (that) she might drop in for a chat.

8

Powrót

1. She said that it was very easy.

2. He said that they were very good questions.

3. She said that she had enjoyed the book.

4. He said that they were quite com fortable too.

5. She said that she had bought them for herself.

6. He said that it was a real war.

7. She said that they were the good old days.

8. He said that the roses were for her.

9

Powrót

1. Bob said that he had met my parents.

2. Katy said that they had bought a new camera.

3. Tim said that he'd like me to meet his girlfriend.

4. Jerry said that their car had a flat tyre.

5. Paul said that he bet my laptop was heavier than his.

6. Sue said that her job was stressing her out.

7. Jack said that no company was better than theirs.

10

Powrót

Sugerowane streszczenie.

a)

He said that they were in Greece, that they were staying at the Attica Hotel.

He told Beth that it was absolutely fantastic. He said that the rooms were very clean and the staff were friendly.

He said that nothing was too much trouble. He said that they couldn't have asked for better accommodation.

He mentioned that their room over looked the sea so it was wonderful to watch the sun rise and set. He added that the food was excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. Fi nally, he said that he would call Beth again on Saturday. He asked her to say hello to Mike from Kate and him.

b)

He told Beth that they were a bit tired of their room. He admitted that it was clean, but he grumbled that it was very small. He said that there was no place to keep their suitcases. He complained that the bathroom was also tiny. He said that after the second night he had called the reception desk Sugerowane odpowiedzi. to request a room change, but he had  been told that the hotel was over booked and a room change wasn't an  option. He continued saying that they  were planning on checking out the next day. He asked Beth to say hello to Mike from them.

11

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. She queried what had happened.

2. He asked whether everything was all right.

3. She asked whether that would be all.

4. He wondered what I was talking about.

5. She wanted to know how long  I was staying.

6. He asked me what I was going to do.

7. She inquired how much it cost.

8. He asked me what I had done to my hair.

9. She asked me what was wrong with me.

10. He wondered who I was.

11. She wanted to know what I wanted to become: a doctor or a lawyer.

12. He asked me what my boss was like.

13. She wanted to know how I was doing.

14. He queried how I knew his name.

15. She queried what I had learnt.

12

Powrót

1. He invited me to join them.

2. She asked me if I would be her friend. 

3. He told me to go immediately. 

4. She told me to answer the questions. 

5. He offered me a cup of coffee.

6. She implored me/begged me to recommend her.

7. He ordered me to be serious.

8. She asked me to take her home.

9. He asked me to wait for him.

10. He told her to stop staring at him.

11. She asked him to turn off the radio.

12. He told me to give her his regards.

13. She begged me to let her go.

14. He implored me to help him out.

15. She ordered him to behave himself.

13

Powrót

1. She asked me whether I would like to be self employed.

2. He asked me if I had got a light.

3. She wondered whether I could trust him.

4. He asked me whether I was sure  I wanted to know.

5. She wanted to know if our neigh bour was a bully.

6. He queried whether there was any way out.

7. She asked me if I often skipped breakfast.

8. He asked whether she had really changed.

9. She asked if they had kept their promises.

10. He wondered if there was any problem.

11. She wanted to know if he still worked there.

12. He asked if I approved of the ban on beer advertising.

14

Powrót

1. What time is it?

2. Will you come?

3. Will you do me a favour?

4. What are you doing here?

5. What do you want for your birthday? 

6. Is it your car? 

7. Can you speak Spanish? an eye on him.

8. Do you know anything about it?

9. Can I call back for further information?

10. Are you taking your pills?

15

Powrót

1. a

2. a

3. c

4. b

5. c

16

Powrót

1. would buy

2. were

3. wouldn't have to /didn't need to

4. was

5. were

6. should go

7. would be

8. wasn't

9. included

10. ran

11. had

12. was

13. expired

14. could buy

15. could buy listen carefully.

17

Powrót

1. how the weather was

2. how she was

3. whether there was any way out

4. why she fought with him

5. how he liked it

6. whether he was hungry

7. where I wanted to go

18

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. They advised me to stay at home.

2. Mike asked me to wait a moment.

3. She demanded that I (should) keep

4. Jack forbade me to think about it.

5. Simon asked me to calm down and

6. Mark told me not to be afraid.

7. She told me not to lose hope.

8. Helen warned me not to expect too much.

9. Dave told me to leave him alone.

10. Alice offered me to drink more red wine.

11. Tom told me not to make him laugh.

12. Roger implored me to call him back.

13. He asked me to answer the phone.

14. Jane warned me not to stick my head out of the window.

15. My mother reminded me to be honest and always tell the truth.

16. Paul advised me to take it easy.

17. Beth advised me to apply a hot compress.

18. The doctor told me to stay in bed.

19. Ally told me to keep my opinions to myself.

20. Chris advised me to take the car to a mechanic.

19

Powrót

1. Staff are not to use the phone for personal calls.

2. Staff are to wear badges.

3. Staff are not to accept cash gifts.

4. Staff are not to leave their valu ables unattended.

5. Staff are to report any act of van dalism.

6. Staff are to smoke in designated areas only.

7. Staff are to park their cars in the main car park.

8. Staff are not to discuss any job related issues with anyone.

9. Staff are to attend appropriate training courses.

20

Powrót

1. The teacher told us to pay attention.

2. The teacher told us not to speak Polish.

3. The teacher told us not to talk.

4. The teacher told us to be quiet.

5. The teacher told us to open our books.

6. The teacher told us not to copy other students' work.

7. The teacher told us to write a story about our best friend.

8. The teacher told us to take out our pens.

9. The teacher told us not to forget our homework.

10. The teacher told us to put our hands up if we wanted to speak.

21

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. She exclaimed that it smelled terrible.

She gave an exclamation of disgust.

2. He exclaimed that they had made it.

He gave an exclamation of relief.

3. She exclaimed that he hadn't known that.

She gave an exclamation of surprise.

4. He exclaimed that I looked wonderful.

He gave an exclamation of wonder.

5. She exclaimed that it tasted awful.

She gave an exclamation of disgust.

6. He exclaimed that it was great.

He gave an exclamation of wonder.

7. She exclaimed that it was true.

She gave an exclamation of surprise.

8. He exclaimed that he couldn't find his glasses.

He gave an exclamation of anger/ annoyance.

9. She exclaimed that it hurt.

She gave an exclamation of pain.

10. She exclaimed that she had locked her keys inside.

She gave an expression of annoy ance/pity.

22

Powrót

1. b 3. a 5. d

2. c 4. f 6. e

23

Powrót

1. He asked her if she would help him and she answered that she would.

2. She asked him whether he had phoned

Mark and he answered that he had.

3. They asked me whether I was tired and I answered that I wasn't.

4. He asked her if she could drive and she answered that she couldn't.

5. I asked her if he was a sports fan and she answered that he was.

24

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. She asked how I liked her new glasses adding that she had bought them at Harrods.

2. He said that I looked very tired and wanted to know what was wrong.

3. She asked if Jack was in adding that she had to talk to him.

4. He asked me if I had talked to her and wanted to know what she was like.

5. She invited me in and asked what she could do for me.

6. He told me to be quiet adding that he was trying to sleep.

7. She asked me if she could use my mobile adding that she needed to call her boss.

8. He asked her what she was doing there adding that she should be on the plane then.

9. She asked if I had taken the test and wanted to know what my score was.

10. He said that they were going to the cinema that night and asked me to join them.

25

Powrót

1. She told me to contact John as he would give me more information.

2. He told me to see the doctor as he would put my mind at rest.

3. He asked whether they would get married adding that he hoped they would.

4. He asked me whether I had heard his album adding that it was amazing.

5. He asked me to tell him the time as he would have to leave at 8.

6. She offered me some coffee as it would do me good.

7. He advised me to take an aspirin as it would kill the pain.

8. She suggested that he (should) take a jacket as it was cold and windy.

9. She encouraged me to get rid of him as he was after my money.

10. He asked me how she was adding that he hoped she was doing well.

26

Powrót

1. She said if she had been me, she would have demanded a refund.

2. He said if he had more time, he would read more.

3. She said that if she hadn't met him, she wouldn't have set up a business.

4. He said that if she apologised, he would forgive her.

5. She said that if he insisted, she wouldn't disagree.

6. He said that if she hadn't overslept, she would have been on the plane.

7. She said that is he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have had the accident.

8. He said that if she came, he wouldn't tease her.

9. She said that if they had let them know, they would have picked them up from the airport.

10. He said that if she had been more passionate, he would have voted for her.

27

Powrót

Sugerowana relacja.

He said that he didn't want to discuss the decision further. He said the rules are as they are and are not about to change. He added that he meant his previous remark.

28

Powrót

Sugerowana relacja.

She said that Garbage was playing in her town the previous weekend. She said it had been the first time she had seen them live. She had a great time there and so did the crowd of 60 thou sand. She said the concert was worth the money she had paid for it.

29

Powrót

Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

a) The service manual says that if you detect anything unusual about the printer, you should turn it off.

b) He told me how to get to the city centre.

c) She showed me how to use the copy machine.

d) They wished me all the best.

e) She said that she had bought some dairy products and sweets.

f) He said that they required thread starters to provide an answer to their question first.

30

Powrót

1. She accused me of taking the money.

2. She boasted of being able to read  1000 words a minute.

3. He complained about my behaviour.

4. He reminded me about sending  Beth a birthday card.

5. She asked me about my husband.

6. He moaned about having to work at weekends.

7. She told me about her grandchildren.

8. He confessed to cheating on me.

9. She criticised me for not working hard enough.

10. He apologised for his behaviour.

31

Powrót

1. She said, "There aren't any tickets left."

2. "I don't understand the instruc tion," Lynn told me.

3. He said, "I never planned to be a teacher."

4. Chloe said, "I left my luggage on the train."

5. Mr Bright said, "I'm moving to the suburbs."

6. "I'm very upset by her remarks,"  Bob told me.

7. He said, "I met her yesterday."

8. "Put the key here," Jacky told me.

9. Mark said, "I will never give up."

10. Andrew said, "My new book is coming out this month."

11. "I'm sorry for my behaviour,"  Brian told me.

12. Vince said, "I used to smoke like a chimney."

13. He said, "The flyover is scheduled to be completed in May."

14. "You need to start exercising," the doctor told me.

15. She said, "I won't object."

32

Powrót

1. He told me that he would drop by the next day.

2. She asked me what I had done.

3. He said that I looked wonderful.

4. He asked whether he could call me back.

5. She said that the ring was beautiful.

6. She said that she didn't have a clue.

7. He told me that he had met Jack in a DIY store.

8. She said that she hadn't enjoyed the performance.

9. He said that they had missed the bus by 10 minutes.

10. She said that I had no reason to be angry.

11. He agreed to go first.

12. She promised not to tell my secret to anyone.

13. He said that it was really bad.

14. She said that she liked it there.

15. He advised me to cut down on coffee.